Chapter 9

Question 1

symbol

Answer 1

Something that stands for something else. A symbol signals the presence of an important domain of experience.

Question 2

language

Answer 2

The system of arbitrary vocal symbols used to encode one’s experience of the world and of others.

Question 3

linguistics

Answer 3

The scientific study of language.

Question 4

**grammar

Answer 4

A set of rules that aim to describe fully the patterns of linguistic usage observed by members of a particular speech community.

Question 5

linguistic competence

Answer 5

A term coined by linguist Noam Chomsky to refer to the mastery of adult grammar.

Question 6

communicative competence

Answer 6

A term coined by anthropological linguist Dell Hymes to refer to the mastery of adult rules for socially and culturally appropriate speech.

Question 7

linguistic relativity principle

Answer 7

A position, associated with Edward Sapir and Benjamin Whorf, that asserts that language has the power to shape the way people see the world.

Question 8

pragmatics

Answer 8

The study of language in the context of its use.

Question 9

**discourse

Answer 9

A stretch of speech longer than a sentence united by a common theme.

Question 10

ethnopragmatics

Answer 10

The study of language use that relies on ethnography to illuminate the ways in which speech is both constituted by and constitutive of social interaction.

Question 11

pidgin

Answer 11

A language with no native speakers that develops in a single generation between members of communities that possess distinct native languages.

Question 12

**language ideology

Answer 12

A marker of struggles between social groups with different interests, revealed in what people say and how they say it.

Question 13

perception

Answer 13

The processes by which people organize and experience information that is primarily of sensory origin.

Question 14

schemas

Answer 14

Patterned, repetitive experiences.

Question 15

prototypes

Answer 15

Examples of a typical instance, element, relation, or experience within a culturally relevant semantic domain.

Question 16

cognition

Answer 16

(1) The mental process by which human beings gain knowledge. (2) The nexus of relations between the mind at work and the world in which it works.

Question 17

socialization/enculturation

Answer 17

The learning process by which individuals develop the skills they need to interact successfully with other members of the social groups to which they belong and come to terms with the ways of thinking and feeling that are considered appropriate in their respective cultures.

Question 18

worldviews

Answer 18

Encompassing pictures of reality created by the members of societies.

Question 19

**self

Answer 19

The result of the process of socialization/enculturation for an individual.

Question 20

personality

Answer 20

The relative integration of an individual’s perceptions, motives, cognitions, and behavior within a sociocultural matrix.

Question 21

subjectivity

Answer 21

“The felt interior experience of the person that includes his or her positions in a field of relational power.” (Das and Kleinman 2000)

Question 22

MORE SHIT

Answer 22

MISSING

Question 23

linguistic inequality

Answer 23

view that certain ways of speaking are standard and others are defective/inferior.african american english challenged from this perspective

Question 24

symbols

Answer 24

word action or image that stands for something else

Question 25

language revitalization?

Answer 25

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Question 26

language design features?

Answer 26

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Question 27

language patterning?

Answer 27

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Question 28

call systems?

Answer 28

cas?

Question 29

speech communities?

Answer 29

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Question 30

creole?

Answer 30

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