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A&P 2 > 23-Respiration > Flashcards

23-Respiration Flashcards

0
Q

Functions of the Respiratory system - 5

A

Surface area for gas exchange blood and air
Moving air to/from exchange surface
Protection against dehydration, temp change, pathogens, pH
Production of sound for singing, speaking
Facilitating detection of odors

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1
Q

How many types of bronchi, names

A

Primary (R/L)
Secondary (lobar) - 3 R, 2 L
Tertiary (segmental)

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2
Q

Bones and cartilage of nose 3+3, functions of internal structures of external nose - 3

A

Frontal bone, nasal bone, maxillae
Septal nasal cartilage, lateral nasal cartilage, alar cartilage
warming/moisturizing/filtering air, detecting odors, modifying speech

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3
Q

Skull bones that contain paranasal sinuses - 4

A

Frontal
Sphenoid
Ethmoid
Maxillae

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4
Q

Structures to swirl air in nasal cavity -3, tunnels formed - 3

A

Superior, middle, inferior nasal conchae

Superior, middle, inferior meatuses

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5
Q

Anatomical regions of pharynx - 3

A

Nasopharynx, Oropharynx, laryngopharynx

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6
Q

Nasopharynx - extends, contains, type of cells

A

Extends from nasal cavity to soft palate
Contains pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids)
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

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7
Q

Oropharynx extends, contains, cell types

A

Extends from soft palate to hyoid bone
contains Palatine tonsils (pair), Lingual tonsils (pair)
Non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

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8
Q

Laryngopharynx - extends, cell type

A

Extends from hyoid to esophagus

Non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

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9
Q

Larynx cartilage - 5

A 
Thyroid cartilage
Epiglottis
Cricoid cartilage
Arytenoid cartilage pair
Corniculate cartilage pair
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10
Q

Adam’s Apple (name), other major anterior cartilage, type of cartilage, 3 ligaments

A

Thyroid Cartilage, cricoid cartilage, hyaline
Thyrohyoid ligament
Cricotrachael ligament
Cricothyroid ligament

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11
Q

Epiglottis - cartilage type, does what

A

Elastic cartilage

blocks trachea when swallowing

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12
Q

Voice chords - 2, plus why males are low

A

Superior ventricular - false
Inferior vocal - true
Androgens in males thicken vocal folds

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13
Q

Trachea - location in neck, cartilage type, muscle in cartilage

A

Anterior to esophagus
Hyaline cartilage C rings
Trachealis muscle spans opening in C

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14
Q

3 Levels of bronchi inferior to trachea + intersection, then what?

A

R/L primary bronchi - right more vertical, tracheal/primary - carina
Secondary bronchi lobar - 3R, 2L, Superior, [Middle], Inferior
Tertiary are segments, BPS, 10 per lung.
Tertiary to Bronchioles - microscopic

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15
Q

Bronchi dilation/constriction

A

Sympathetic & epinephrine/exercise cause bronchodilation

Parasympathetic and allergic/histamine cause bronchoconstriction

16
Q

Pleural membrane

A

Parietal, visceral, pleural cavity w/fluid
Inflammation called pleurisy or pleuritis
Fluid in pleural space called pleural effusion

17
Q

Lungs - entry for vessels

A

Hilum - blood vessels, lymph, nerves

18
Q

Lungs - large structural

A

Right lung shorter - liver
Cardiac impression and notch in Left lung
Oblique fissure both lungs Inferior lobe. Right also has horizontal fissure - middle lobe to superior lobe.

19
Q

Lungs - terminal to respiratory

A

Terminal bronchioles go to lobule - sac with elastic connective tissue
Terminal bronchioles subdivide into respiratory bronchioles, divide into alveolar ducts
Around ducts are numerous alveoli and alveolar sacs

20
Q

Alveoli - 2 types, membrane composed of

A

Thin basement membrane, simple squamous epithelium
Type I - gas exchange
Type II - produce surfactant, lowers surface tension

21
Q

Respiratory membrane - 4 + dust cells

A 
Type I and type II alveolar cells
Thin basement membrane
Thin capillary basement membrane
Capillary endothelium
Dust cell is Macrophage
22
Q

Ventilation-Perfusion coupling

A

In areas of low O2, capillaries vasoconstrict, forcing blood to areas with more O2.

23
Q

3 steps of breathing

A

Pulmonary respiration - inhale/exhale
External respiration - pulmonary, gas exchange in alveoli/capillaries
Internal respiration - systemic gas exchange, capillaries and tissues

24
Q

Boyle’s law

A

Pressure and volume inversely proportional

25
Q

Muscles on inhalation - 3

A

Diaphragm - contract inferiorly
Also external intercostals can elevate ribs
accessory - sternocleidomastoid, scalene, pectoralis minor

26
Q

Exhalation - how and muscles

A

Normal is passive, elastic recoil, 2/3 surfactin, 1/3 elastic fibers
Forced exhale uses internal intercostals, abdominal muscles

27
Q

Factors affecting pulmonary ventilation - 4

A

Pressure differential inside lungs, outside air
Surface tension of alveolar fluid/surfactin
Compliance - stretchiness of lung tissue
Airway resistance - blockage, constriction

28
Q

Oxygen binding to hemoglobin, 4 ways right shift O2 dissociation curve

A 
All or nothing, once one binds, the other 4 sites change shape to bind easily
1 - Higher H+
2 - Higher PP-CO2
3 - Higher temperature
4 - Higher BPG
29
Q

CO2 transport, how and percentages - 3, chloride shift

A

1 - 70% as bicarbonate
2 - 23% bound to hemoglobin
3 - 7% dissolved in blood plasma
HCO3- and Cl- switch in and out of RBC, swap

30
Q

Control of respiration - main center plus 5 sub

A

Respiration Center
Medullary rhythmic area - inspiratory area - control main rhythm, expiratory area - forceful breathing
Pneumotaxic area - upper pons - turn off inspiratory area before lungs too full
Apneustic - lower pons - deep inhalation, accessory muscles

31
Q

Chemoreceptors in respiration - 3, plus strong

A

1 - Central chemoreceptors - near medulla, CNS
2 - Aortic - Aorta - PNS
3 - Carotid - Common Carotid - PNS
Increased CO2 levels strongly stimulate inspiratory area

32
Q

Hypercapnia, hypocapnia, hyperventilation

A

Hypercapnia - increased PP-CO2
Hypocapnia - decreased PP-CO2
Hyperventilation - quick deep breathing, increase O2 and decrease CO2 and H+

33
Q

Hering-Breuer (inflation) reflex

A

Baroreceptor to Vagus nerve, prevents overinflation of lungs

34
Q

Other regulatory influences on respiration - 6

A 
Limbic system stimulation
Temperature
Pain
Anal sphincter stretch
Blood pressure
Irritation of airways
35
Q

Tumor of pulmonary apex

A

Pancoast tumor

A&P 2 (18 decks)

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