Pulmonary Lecture 5

Question 1

Define Oxygen Off Loading

Answer 1

The dissociation of Oxygen from Hemoglobin and the subsequent take up of the freely dissolved oxygen in the tissue

Question 2

How is Oxygen offloading effected by Exercise

Answer 2

Oxygen offloading will occur at a higher pressure of Oxygen in the blood. This will allow for adequate oxygen delivery during exercise.

Question 3

How does Oxygen offloading affect CO2, Temperature, and Protons during exercise

Answer 3

There is an increase in CO2, Temperature, and Protons

Question 4

What is O2 carrying capacity

Answer 4

Maximal Oxygen that can be carried by a particular amount of Hb

Question 5

What is Hypoxia

Answer 5

Blanket term for low Oxygen at the tissue level

Question 6

How will a low cardiac output affect Oxygen

Answer 6

it will cause hypoxia

Question 7

What is hypoxemia?

Answer 7

Low Saturation of Oxygen due to a Low Arterial pressure of oxygen

Can be caused by V/Q mismatch, shunt, diffusion problems

Question 8

How does Carbon Monoxide effect Oxygen Delivery

Answer 8

CO has a much higher affinity to bind to Hb thus causing hypoxia

Question 9

What are the two main modes of Carbon Dioxide Carriage

Answer 9

Freely Dissolved = 1.2mM
HCO3 = 24mM (Many more)
Carboamino compounds (Hb) = 1.2mM

Question 10

What is henderson hasselbach equation

Answer 10

pH=6.1+log(HCO3/CO2)

Normal pH= 6.1+log(24mM/(.03*40Torr)) = 7.4 pH in body

Question 11

Define Respiratory Acidosis

Answer 11

Low pH due to high blood CO2

Question 12

When does Respiratory Acidosis occur

Answer 12

During low alveolar ventilation (obstructive disease, drug overdose)

Question 13

How do you compensate for respiratory acidosis

Answer 13

The renal system will have a higher level of HCO3 reabsorbed = Increase in activity of transporters to give more bicarbonate to buffer the increased level of hydrogen ions.

Slow 1-3 Days

Question 14

Define Respiratory Alkalosis

Answer 14

High pH due to low blood CO2

Question 15

What does respiratory alkalosis occur?

Answer 15

During high ventilation (high altitude)

Question 16

How do you compensate for respiratory alkalosis

Answer 16

The renal system will have less HCO3 reabsorbed

Question 17

What drug can be taken when traveling to high altitude?

Answer 17

Diamox is a drug taken when going to high altitude.

Start taking it a few days before going.

Blocks the activity of the bicarbonate transporter lowering their levels. Drop in CO2 and Drop in protons to help pH

Question 18

Define Metabolic Acidosis

Answer 18

Low pH due to non-CO2 acid (problem not caused by the lung)

Question 19

What does metabolic acidosis occur?

Answer 19

High ketoacids, lactic acid, diarrhea (loss of HCO3

Question 20

How do you compensate for metabolic acidosis

Answer 20

Increase ventilation

A very fast response

Question 21

Define Metabolic Alkalosis

Answer 21

High pH due to non-CO2 Acid

Question 22

What does metabolic alkalosis occur?

Answer 22

Vomiting, Antacid ingestion

Question 23

What is the compensation for metabolic alkalosis

Answer 23

Low ventilation: It is fast but not complete

May not completely compensate because it will lower your oxygen levels. Sensors in body will let you know when there isn’t enough oxygen and will kick in