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HES235-Test 1 > Lecture 2: Endocrine System > Flashcards

Lecture 2: Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

Objective of Endocrine System (3)

A

Synthesis of some hormones
Control of hormone production and secretion
Function of hormones

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2
Q

Endocrine Organs

A 
Secrete product (hormones) into the blood stream
Into body
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3
Q

Exocrine Organs

A

Secrete product to outside of body or into digestive tract

Out of body

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4
Q

Glands

A

Produce substances

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5
Q

Pancreas

A

Both endocrine and exocrine

Islets produces hormones

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6
Q

Endocrine System

A

Hormonal system

Regulates long term processes (growth, development, reproduction)

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7
Q

Nervous System

A

Action potentials
Regulates short term processes
Electrical signals with neurotransmitters

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8
Q

Direct Intercellular Communication

A

Transmitted through gap junctions
Adjacent cells of the same type
Close proximity

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9
Q

Paracrine Intercellular Communication

A

Transmitted through extracellular fluid
Appropriate receptors required for target cells
Close proximity

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10
Q

Endocrine Intercellular Communication

A

Transmitted through circulatory system (blood)
Target cells are primary in other types of tissues and organs
Appropriate receptors required
Distant Proximity

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11
Q

Neural Intercellular Communication

A

Transmitted across synaptic cells
Limited to very specific areas
Distant Proximity

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12
Q

What Do Endocrine Cells Release Into Blood?

A

Hormones

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13
Q

What Do Hormones Do?

A

Alter metabolic activities of many tissues and organs

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14
Q

Target Cells

A

Specific cells that possess receptors needed to bind and read hormonal messages
Some can respond to several different hormones simultaneously

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15
Q

What Happens When Specific Genes in Nucleus are Activated by Hormones?

A

They stimulate the synthesis of enzymes or structural proteins

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16
Q

How Do Hormones Increase/Decrease The Rate of Synthesis of an Enzyme or Other Protein?

A

By changing the rate of transcription or translation

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17
Q

What Happens When A Hormone Changes The Shape of an Enzyme or Membrane?

A

That enzyme or membrane channel turns on or off

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18
Q

Types of Hormones (3)

A

Amino acid derivatives
Peptide hormones
Lipid derivatives

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19
Q

What Are Amino Acid Derivative Hormones Made From?

A

Tyrosine or glycoproteins

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20
Q

Peptide

A

Shorter chain of amino acid or glycoprotein

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21
Q

What Are Lipid Derivative Hormones Made From?

A

Fats similar to cholesterol

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22
Q

What Type of Hormone are Eicosanoids?

A

Lipid Derivatives

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23
Q

What Are Types of Eicosanoids?

A

Leukotrienes
Prostaglandins
Thromboxanes

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24
Q

What Are Eicosanoids?

A

Steroid hormones that control inflammation and immunity

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25
Q

What Are Eicosanoids Derived From?

A

Omega-6 or Omega 3 fatty acids

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26
Q

Omega

A

End of a chain

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27
Q

How Are Eicosanoids Formed?

A

Fatty acids are used to manufacture plasma membranes and are transformed into eicosanoids by enzymes

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28
Q

NSAIDS

A

Block action of cyclooxyrgenase enzymes and decrease the number of eicosanoids produced

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29
Q

What Do NSAIDS Decrease & How?

A

Inflammation and pain by blocking eicosanoid activity

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30
Q

How Do Non-Steroidal Hormones Get Across Plasma Membrane?

A

Bind to receptors on membrane

Use a second messenger to deliver message

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31
Q

Second Messengers (3)

A

Cyclic AMP
Cyclic GMP
Calcium Ions

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32
Q

What Do Second Messengers Do?

A

Causes the change/delivers the message in the target cell

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33
Q

G-Protein

A

Link between the first messenger and the second messenger

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34
Q

Process of Non-Steroidal Hormone Action On Target Cells (5 steps)

A
  1. First messenger (hormone) binds to membrane receptor
  2. Active GProtein activates adenylate cyclase
  3. cAMP + ADP acts as second messenger and activates kinase
  4. Enzyme activity altered
  5. Target cell response
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35
Q

What Hormones Can Cross Membrane By Diffusion?

A

Steroid & Thyroid Hormones

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36
Q

What Causes Hormone Release?

A

Increase OR decrease in hormone release can be triggered by:
Humoral Stimuli
Hormonal Stimuli
Neural Stimuli

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37
Q

Humoral Stimuli

A

Changes in composition and concentration of extracellular fluid

38
Q

Hormonal Stimuli

A

Arrival or removal of specific hormone

39
Q

Neural Stimuli

A

Arrival of neurotransmitters at neuroglandular junctions

40
Q

What Is The Middle Pituitary Gland Called?

A

Pars intermedia

Produces 1 hormone

41
Q

Hypophyseal Portal System

A

Needed to have capillaries pick up hormones, deliver them to adenohypophysis, then carried elsewhere in body

42
Q

Releasing Hormones

A

Stimulate synthesis and secretion of one or more hormones at anterior lobe of pituitary gland
Tells cell to release hormone

43
Q

Inhibiting Hormones

A

Prevent synthesis and secretion of hormones from anterior lobe of pituitary gland

44
Q

TRH

A

Thrytropin releasing hormone

45
Q

CRH

A

Corticotropin Releasing hormone

46
Q

GnRH

A

Gonadotropin releasing hormone

47
Q

TSH

A

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone

48
Q

ACTH

A

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone

49
Q

PRL

A

Prolactin

50
Q

GH

A

Growth Hormone

51
Q

FSH

A

Follicle Stimulating Hormone

52
Q

LH

A

Lutenizing Hormone

53
Q

MSH

A

Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone

54
Q

T4

A

Thyroxine
Contains 4 Iodide ions
Produced by follicular cells

55
Q

T3

A

Triiodothyronine
Contains 3 Iodide ions
Produced by follicular cells

56
Q

What Is Needed To Make T3 & T4?

A

Tyrosine

Iodide Ions

57
Q

What Percent Of T3 & T4 Are Bound/Unbound?

A

99% Bound to protein carriers

1% Unbound and free to diffuse out of blood into peripheral tissues to bin to receptors

58
Q

What is the cause of hypothyroidism?

A

Lack of Iodine

59
Q

What removes excess Iodine in body?

A

Kidneys

Liver

60
Q

Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis

A

Body produces antibodies against follicle cells

Autoimmune disease

61
Q

What Does PTH Increase?

A

Number of osteoclasts

62
Q

What Does PTH Inhibit?

A

Osteoblasts

63
Q

What Does PTH Enhance?

A

Reabsorption of Calcium at kidneys,

reducing urinary loss

64
Q

What Does PTH Stimulate?

A

Formation and secretion of calcitriol at kidneys

65
Q

What Are the Regions of the Adrenal Cortex? (3)

A

Zona Glomerulosa
Zona Fasiculata
Zona Reticularis

66
Q

Zona Glomerulosa

A

Most superficial layer of Adrenal Cortex

67
Q

What Is the Mineralcorticoid in Zona Glomerulosa?

A

Aldosterone

68
Q

Aldosterone

A

Restores sodium levels
Stimulates conservation of sodium and elimination of potassium
Increases sensitivity of salt receptors in taste buds (makes one crave salt)

69
Q

Reasons For Release of Aldosterone (2)

A

Drop in blood sodium, blood volume, or blood pressure

Rise in blood potassium concentration

70
Q

Zona Fasiculata

A

Middle layer of Adrenal Cortex

71
Q

What Is the Glucocorticoid in Zona Fasiculata?

A

Cortisol

72
Q

Cortisol

A

Stress hormone
Antiflammatory effect on the immune system
Releases fatty acids from adipose tissue

73
Q

What Does Cortisol Stimulate? (2)

A

Gluconeogenesis

Glycogen production

74
Q

What Are the Long Term Effects of Cortisol (being stressed)? (3)

A

Inhibiting immune function,
Bone formation,
Muscle weakness

75
Q

Cortisol Is Released In Response To: (2)

A

Corticotropin-releasing hormone in hypothalamus

ACTH in adenohypophysis

76
Q

Zona Reticularis

A

Deepest layer of Adrenal Cortex

77
Q

Androgen in Zona Reticularis

A

Testosterone

78
Q

Testosterone Is Secreted In Response To:

A

CRH in hypothalamus

ACTH in adenohypophysis

79
Q

What Do Pancreatic Alpha Cells Produce?

A

Glucagon

80
Q

What Do Pancreatic Beta Cells Produce?

A

Insulin

81
Q

What Do Alpha and Beta Cells Do?

A

Regulate blood glucose levels

82
Q

What Do Delta and F Cells Do?

A

Produce hormones that decrease alpha and beta cell function and control nutrient absorption in intestines

83
Q

What Is the Normal Blood Glucose Level?

A

70-110mg/dl

84
Q

Glucagon

A

Increases blood glucose levels (by liver)

Released in response to a drop in blood glucose

85
Q

What Kind of Stimuli Is Glucagon?

A

Humoral

86
Q

Insulin

A

Decreases blood glucose levels

Released in response to an increased in blood glucose

87
Q

What Kind of Stimuli Is Insulin?

A

Humoral

88
Q

What Does Glucagon Stimulate?

A

Breakdown of glycogen in skeletal muscles and liver
Breakdown of triglycerides in adipose tissue
Gluconeogenesis by liver

89
Q

Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

A

Autoimmune disease
Low insulin levels in blood
Requires insulin administration
Antibodies destroy beta cells of islets

90
Q

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

A

Decreased insulin sensitivity
Cells no longer respond as vigorously to insulin
Adipose decreases cell sensitivity

91
Q

Complications of Diabetes Mellitus

A 
Heart attack 
Stroke
Kidney damage
Retinal damage
Peripheral nerve damage
Peripheral tissue damage

HES235-Test 1 (5 decks)

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