3.5 Genetic Modification

Question 1

PCR

Answer 1

Polymerase chain reaction

Copies and amplifies minute quantities of DNA

Question 2

PCR is a way of producing…

Answer 2

Large quantities of a specifc target sequence

Question 3

PCR is useful when

Answer 3

There is only a small sample of DNA available

Crime scene samples of blood, semen, hair

Question 4

3 Steps of PCR

Answer 4

Denaturing

Annealing

Elongation

Question 5

Denaturing

Answer 5

DNA sample is heated to separate it into 2 strands

Question 6

Annealing

Answer 6

DNA primers attach to opposite ends of the target sequence

Question 7

Elongation

Answer 7

A heat tolerant DNA copies the strand

Question 8

Gel electrophoresis

Answer 8

Separate DNA fragments according to size (move in electrical field)

Question 9

Steps of gel electrophoresis

Answer 9

-Sample of DNA is placed in block of gel

• Electric current is applied

-Smaller samples move faster to the bottom through gel

Question 10

Why does the DNA move towards the bottom (anode)

Answer 10

DNA is negatively charged. So moves to positive anode

Question 11

Use of gel electrophoresis

Answer 11

DNA profiling

Question 12

STR

Answer 12

Short Tandem Repeats. In non-coding regions. What makes individuals unique

Question 13

How are profiles collected to be compared

Answer 13

STR are cut with restriction endonucleases. Form fragments

Question 14

Process of DNA profiling

The steps starting from collectig the DNA

Answer 14

Collected and amplified usinh PCR

Cut with restriction enzymes to generate fragments

Fragments are separated in gel

DNA is then analyzed

Question 15

2 applications of DNA PROFILING

Answer 15

Paternity Tests

Foresic investigations

Question 16

Human Genome Project

Answer 16

International project established to sequence the 3 billion base pairs (25,000 genes) in the human genome

Question 17

Outcomes of the HGP

Answer 17

Mapping

Screening

Medicine

Ancestry

Question 18

Mapping

Answer 18

Know the number, location, and base sequence of

Question 19

Screening

Answer 19

Detect sufferers carriers of genetic disease conditions

Question 20

Medicine

Answer 20

Develop improved treatments

Question 21

Ancestry

Answer 21

Improved insight on the origins, evolution, and historical migratory patterns of humqns

Question 22

The same sequence of polypeptide means

Answer 22

Genetic code is universal

Question 23

Gene transfer steps

Answer 23

DNA Extraction

Digestion and Ligation

Transfection and Expression

Question 24

DNA Extraction

Answer 24

Plasmid is removed from bacterial cell

Gene of interest is removed from organisms genome using restriction enzymes

Both are amplified using PCR

Question 25

Plasmids

Answer 25

Small circular DNA molecules

Question 26

Digestion and Ligation

Answer 26

Plasmid is cut with same restriction enzyme Cutting allows for the 2 DNA's to fit together Gene of interest and plasmid are spliced together by DNA ligase

Question 27

Recombinant plasmid

Answer 27

When DNA ligase splices plasmid and gene together

Question 28

Transfection and Expression

Answer 28

The recombinant plasmid is inserted into the desired host cell The cell will hopefully express the desired trait

Question 29

2 examples of GMO crops

Answer 29

Tomatoes. Delying the natural process of softening the fruit Maize crops. Toxic plants protected from insects

Question 30

2 examples of GMO animals

Answer 30

Sheep to produce more wool Sheep to produce milk used to treat individuals suffering from hereditary emphysema

Question 31

Benefits of GMO

Answer 31

Less use of chemical pesticides Makes crops grow in other regions (reduces deforestation) Increased productivity of food production

Question 32

Harm of GMO

Answer 32

Accidental release of GMO organisms into environment mught compete with native species Reduces genetic variability

Question 33

Clone

Answer 33

Group of identically identical organisms or cells from single parent

Question 34

SCNT

Answer 34

Somatic Cell Nuclear Tranfer Method of reproductive cloning using differentiated animal cells

Question 35

Steps of SCNT

Answer 35

1) Female animal is stimulated with FSH to produce eggs 2) Nucleus is removed 3) Egg is fused with nucleus from somatic cell of another sheep 4) Electric shock stimulates egg to divide 5) Now you have a clone

Question 36

Value for cloning

Answer 36

Can cure serious diseases with cell therapy Stem cells can used from undeveloped embryos (abortions) Cells are taken from when embryo feels no pain

Question 37

Against cloning

Answer 37

Creation and destruction of human embryo Embryonic cells can cause tumors Costly