3.5: Joints and Connective Tissue Flashcards by Paul Oyster

What is a joint?

A connection between two bones or a bone and cartilage.

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What determines how moveable or immovable a joint is?

Ligaments and how “snug” their fit is.

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What is adipose tissue?

Body fat (a connective tissue)

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What 6 factors determine the joints’ degree of movement?

Type of structure; Shape of the bones; Flexibility of joint ligaments; Arrangement of strength of associated muscles/tendons; Soft/Adipose tissue (may limit mobility); Hormone production

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How are joints classified?

Structure and Function

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What are the 3 main structural classifications of joints?

Ligamentous/Fibrous (immovable); Cartilaginous (slightly moveable); Synovial (highly moveable)

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What does Synarthrosis mean?

Immovable; as in Ligamentous/Fibrous joints

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What is a Ligamentous/Fibrous joint?

No joint activity and bound by strong, fibrous tissue; little to no movement

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What are examples of a Ligamentous joint?

A suture joint between the bones of the skull; between tooth and socket of mandible

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What does amphiarthrosis mean?

Slightly moveable; as in Cartilaginous joints

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What are Cartilaginous joints?

Amphiarthrosis (slightly moveable) joints attached by cartilage or fibro-cartilaginous tissue

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What are examples of a Cartilaginous joint?

growth regions of immature long bones (in children); discs between spinal vertebrae

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What does diarthrosis mean?

highly moveable; as in Synovial joints

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What are Synovial joints?

Joints with space between the articulating bones filled with synovial fluid; cartilage is on the end which cushions bones and decreases friction.

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What is a synovial cavity?

The space between articulating bones in a synovial joint.

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What is an articular capsule?

Contains two bone ends in a fluid environment — in synovial joints

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What are the 6 types of Synovial Joints?

Ball/Socket; Hinge; Pivot; Gliding; Saddle; Condyloid

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What are the qualities of Ball and Socket joints?

Highest degree of freedom;
3 planes at one time;
Multiaxial–widest range of motion;
Rounded cavity that fits into a concavity

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What are some examples of a ball and socket joint?

Shoulder; Hip

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What are the qualities of Hinge joints?

“cylindrical’ joints;
1 plane of motion;
one axis;
Flexion and Extension;
Convex part of bone fits into concave part of another bone

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What are some examples of a Hinge Joint?

knee, elbow, ankle

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What are the qualities of Pivot Joints?

“cylindrical joints”;
permits rotation;
Pronation and Supination;
Section of a cylinder of bone fits into a cavity of another bone

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What are some examples of a pivot joint?

Neck (c1-c2) allows for rotation of neck; Elbow

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What are some qualities of Gliding Joints?

“sliding” or “plane” joints;
Non-axial movement (sliding and twisting movements);
Flexion/Extension, Radial/Ulnar deviation (in hand), Pronation/Supination (in foot);
Movement limited by tighter joint capsules;
Slightly curved, nearly flat—allowing bones to slide past each other

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What are some examples of Gliding joints?

between Carpals (in hand); between Tarsals (in foot); between articulating processes (in spine), AC joint in shoulder

What are some qualities of Saddle Joints?

Movement in 2 planes and 2 axes; Flexion/Extension, Adduction/Abduction, Circumduction; Small amount of rotational movement; Concave and convex surfaces (shaped like saddle)

What is an example of a Saddle joint?

Thumbs (base of thumb and wrist); SC joint

What are some qualities of a Condyloid Joint?

"ellipsoidal"; 2 planes and 2 axes; Flexion/Extension, Adduction/Abduction; No rotational movement; Oval shaped condyle (round at end) that fits into an elliptical cavity

What makes up the Shoulder Joint?

Scapula and Clavicle

What are the 3 joints of the Shoulder Complex?

Sternoclavicular (SC); Acromioclavicular (AC); Glenohumeral (GH)

What is the Sternoclavicular (SC) joint?

Saddle type synovial joint between the clavicle and the sternum

What is the Acromioclavicular (AC) joint?

Gliding type synovial joint at the opposite end of the SC joint which articulates with the scapula

What is the Glenohumeral (GH) joint?

Ball and Socket joint with multiaxial movement where the humerus joins the scapula

What is Abduction (shoulder ROM) ?

180 deg, arm up sideways

What is Adduction (shoulder ROM) ?

45 deg, arm toward the midline of the body

What is Horizontal Abduction (shoulder ROM) ?

Transverse plane, 45 deg, arm horizontally backward

What is Vertical Extension (shoulder ROM) ?

60 deg, arm straight backward

What is Horizontal Adduction (shoulder ROM) ?

Transverse plane, 130 deg, arm horizontally forward

What is Vertical Flexion (shoulder ROM) ?

180 deg, arm straight forward

What is Circumduction (shoulder ROM) ?

In all planes

What is Medial and Lateral Rotation (shoulder ROM) ?

Transverse plane, turn arm in and out while hands at sides or extended laterally

The knee joint is the largest join in the human body (T/F)

True

The joint between the tibia and femur is called what?

tibiofemoral joint

The prime movement of the knee joint is what?

flexion and extension

At the proximal end, the fibula articulates with the what?

tibia

At the distal end, the fibula articulates with what?

talus bone of the foot

At the proximal end, the tibia articulates with the what?

femur

At the distal end, the tibia articulates with what?

talus bone of the foot

The tibia lies where in relation to the fibula?

medially

The fibula lies where in relation to the tibia?

laterally

The primary function of the shin (tibia and fibula) is to what?

bearing weight

What type of joint is the knee joint? What two other joints does it encompass?

Hinge joint; condyloid joints of the tibiofemoral and partly gliding joint of the patellofemoral

What are 3 of the supportive structures of the knee?

collateral ligaments; cruciate ligaments; menisci

What are the two collateral ligaments of the knee joint?

tibial and fibular

Where do the tibial and fibular collateral ligaments originate and connect?

On the condyles (the rounded protuberances) of the femur and attach to the tibia and fibula on either side.

What do the collateral ligaments do?

Resist lateral and medial displacement and rotation

What are the two cruciate ligaments of the knee joint?

anterior (ACL) and posterior (PCL)

What do the cruciate ligaments do?

(ACL--resists hyperextension) (PCL--resists hyperflexion) and twisting motions

What do the menisci do in the knee?

Thin cartilage that partly divides a joint cavity and provides cushioning at the joint surfaces of the femur and tibia

What are the two types of menisci?

Medial (inside) meniscus and Lateral (outside) meniscus

What joint is the most common location for athletic injuries (especially with lateral movements/collisions)?

Knee joint

What is ROM of knee flexion?

130 deg; touch calf to hamstring

What is ROM of knee extension?

15 deg; straighten out knee as much as possible

What is ROM of knee internal rotation?

10 deg; twist lower leg toward midline

What is the radius bone?

Smaller of the two forearm bones; becomes wider/thicker at it's distal end; lateral side (thumb side) opposite of ulna

What is the radiocarpal joint?

The main wrist joint; biaxial, condyloid (synovial) joint.

Where is the radius bone located.

Laterally, on the thumb side.

What joint do the radius and ulna bones form, distally?

radioulnar joint

What type of joint is the raidoulnar joint?

Pivot type (synovial)

The bump you may see on your wrist the same side as your pinky finger is what bone?

Ulna

What is wrist ROM flexion?

80-90 deg; bend wrist so that palm nears lower end

What is wrist ROM extension?

70 deg; bend wrist up

What is wrist ROM radial deviation?

20 deg; bend wrist so that thumb nears radius

What is wrist ROM ulnar deviation?

30-50 deg; bend wrist so that pinky finger nears ulna

What type of joint is the ankle joint?

Hinge type with movement in one plane

What three bones meet to from the ankle joint?

talus, tibia, fibula

What is the talus?

ankle bone

What is dorsiflexion of the ankle?

20 deg; pointing toes up

What is plantarflexion of the ankle?

45 deg; pointing toes down

What type of ligaments does the ankle have?

Strong medial and weaker lateral

What is the subtalar joint?

Ankle joint where the talus and calcaneus meet

What type of movement does the subtalar joint allow for?

30 deg--inversion (turning feet inward) and 20 deg--eversion (turning feet outward)

What are the main joint movements of the neck?

flexion/extension; abduction (lateral flexion)/adduction (reduction); rotation

What are the main movements of the shoulder complex?

Acromicoclavicular: elevation/depression; Glenohumeral: extension, abduction/adduction, rotation (internal/external); Scapula: protraction/retraction

What are the main movements of the elbow?

Humeroradial: flexion/extension; Humeroulnar: flexion/extension; Raidioulnar: pronation/supination (of the forearm & hand)

What are the movements of the fingers?

flexion/extension, abduction/adduction

What are the movements of the toes?

flexion/extension

What are the 3 connective tissue functions?

protect/insulate internal organs; bind together/support other tissue in the body; compartmentalize or divide structures (like skeletal muscle)

Adipose tissue (fat) and blood are both considered connective tissue. (T/F)

True

What are ligaments?

They connect bone to bone; provide integrity/strength inside/outside synovial joints.

Ligaments are more prone to tearing than tendons. (T/F)

True

What are tendons?

Connect skeletal muscle to bone, cartilage or an adjoining muscle

What are often injured first before tendons are ruptured?

muscle or bone

What is fascia?

thin sheath of fibrous tissue, that is loose but strong, which provides support and some protection---encloses muscle or organ

How does fascia work?

Arranged in continuous "lines" through an entire muscle group, allowing force to be generated through an entire group

What three things can cause inflammation of fascia and corresponding muscle?

trauma, inactivity and muscle tension

What is fibrosis?

thickening or scarring of connective tissue

What is myofascial release?

soft tissue therapy that helps break the cycle of fibrosis by stimulating the stretch reflex, improving blood flow and relaxing contracted muscles

3.5: Joints and Connective Tissue Flashcards

(98 cards)