Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

POM 3 Haematology > 3.5 White Blood Cells > Flashcards

3.5 White Blood Cells Flashcards

1
Q

Which white blood cells are produced from the common myeloid progenitor?

A

Granulocytes – neutrophils, basophils and eosinophils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the difference between monocytes and macrophages?

A

Monocytes migrate to tissues where they develop into macrophages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the main functions of neutrophils?

A

Chemotaxis and pathogen phagocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What do neutrophils have?

A

Segmented (lobulated) nuclei

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What granulocyte is this and why?

A

Basophil

Granules containing heparin, histamine and proteases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the main functions of basophils?

A

Mediation of type 1 hypersensitivity reactions, releasing histamine and leukotrienes

Modulation of inflammatory responses, releasing heparin and proteases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the main function of eosinophils?

A

Phagocytosis and defense against parasitic infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What granulocyte is this and why?

A

Eosinophil

Bilobed nucleus and pink granules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is a 2nd function of eosinophils?

A

Regulation of type 1 hypersensitivity reactions

Inactivates histamines and leukotrienes released by basophils and mast cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is left shift?

A

Presence of non-segmented neutrophil precursors due to increased bone marrow output

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How many lobes is normal for a neutrophil?

A

3-5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is it called when there are more than 5 lobes in a neutrophil?

A

Hypersegmented neutrophil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the steps of chemotaxis?

A

MARDi MP

Migration 
Adhesion
Rolling
Diapediesis
Migration
Phagocytosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is diapedesis?

A

When white blood cells migrate across the blood vessel wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is contained within the granules of basophils?

A

Heparin, histamine and proteolytic enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What do monocytes do?

A

Phagocytose microorganisms coated in antibody and complement
Phagocytose bacteria and fungi
Present antigens to lymphoid cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How are macrophages related to iron?

A

They store and release iron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What white blood cells are derived from the common lymphoid progenitor?

A

T cell, B cells and NK cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Where and how do B lymphocytes develop?

A

Originate in bone marrow and foetal liver

Develop in the bone marrow and differentiate into plasma cells involving Ig light and heavy chain gene rearrangement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How do B cells mature?

A

After being exposed to antigens in lymphoid tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What do B cells do once mature?

A

Recognise non-self antigens which triggers production of specific Ig’s and antibodies (cell mediated immunity)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are T cells involved in?

A

Cell mediated immunity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How are T cells developed?

A

Foetal lymphocyte progenitors migrate from the liver to the thymus to develop

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What do NK Cells do?

A

Part of innate immunity

Kill tumour and virus infected cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is leukocytosis?

A

To many white blood cells of any type

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are transient and persistent leukocytosis caused by respectively?

A

Transient – infections
Persistent – leukemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is meant by neutrophilia, basophilia and eosinophillia?

A

Too many of each type of white blood cell

28
Q

What is leukopenia?

A

Too little of any type of white blood cell

29
Q

What is the most abundant type of white blood cell?

A

Neutrophils

30
Q

What can cause neutrophilia? (NIICE PreT)

A

Neoplasm
Infection
Inflammation
Corticosteroids
Exercise
Pregnancy
Tissue damage

31
Q

How does exercise increase the number of neutrophils?

A

Exercise causes a rapid shift of neutrophils from marginated pool to circulating pool

32
Q

What might neutrophilia be accompanied with?

A

Left shift (increase in non-segmented neutrophil precursors) and toxic changes

33
Q

What is toxic granulation of neutrophils?

A

Heavy coarse granulation of neutrophils

34
Q

What causes neutropenia? (BRAID)

A

Benign ethnic neutropenia (people of African descent)
Radiotherapy
Autoimmune disorders
Infections (severe viral and bacterial)
Drugs (chemotherapy)

35
Q

What is considered a low neutrophil count?

A

<0.5 x 10^9/L

36
Q

What is lymphocytosis?

A

Too many lymphocytes

37
Q

How to recognize lymphocytosis from a blood film?

A

Atypical lymphocytes (e.g. in Epstein Barr Virus infection)
Basophillic cytoplasm
Scalloped margins of WBC

38
Q

What condition in children causes lymphocytosis?

A

Whopping cough

39
Q

What causes lymphopenia?

A

HIV infection
Chemotherapy
Radiotherapy
Corticosteroids

40
Q

What causes monocytosis?

A

Infection or chronic inflammation

41
Q

What causes eosinophilia?

A

Allergy, parasitic infection, asthma, eczema

Can also occur in leukemia

42
Q

What causes basophillia?

A

Usually in leukemia, otherwise uncommon

43
Q

A 6-year old child is diagnosed with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. The doctor warns the parents that their child is more susceptible to infections. Why is this the case?

A

Bone marrow is infiltrated with lymphoblasts, impairing haemopoiesis

44
Q

How do macrophages form?

A

Common myeloid progenitor → monocytes → migrate to tissue → macrophages

45
Q

Which white blood cell stores and releases iron?

A

Macrophages

46
Q

What do B lymphocytes mature into?

A

Plasma cells which secrete antibodies

47
Q

What is meant by reactive or secondary changes?

A

When a normal or healthy bone marrow responds to an external stimulus such as infection, inflammation or infarction

48
Q

What is a primary blood cell disorder?

A

The leukocyte count or morphology is abnormal due to acquired somatic DNA damage affecting a haematopoietic precursor cell

This gives rise to blood cancers such as leukaemia, lymphoma, myeloma or myeloproliferative disorders

49
Q

When might toxic granulation be seen?

A

During pregnancy

50
Q

What causes chronic myeloid leukaemia?

A

Translocation occurs between ABL1 gene on chromosome 9 and BCR gene on chromosome 22

Chromosome 22 now has BCR-ABL1, becoming a philadelphia chromosome

Results in uncontrolled tyrosine kinase activity

51
Q

Why does the fusion gene BCR-ABL1 cause CML?

A

The fusion protein has constitutive tyrosine kinase activity which drives autonomous blood cell proliferation

52
Q

What happens to the spleen in CML?

A

Enlarged (splenomegaly)

53
Q

How is CML treated?

A

Tyrosine kinase inhibitors

54
Q

What cells are increased in CML?

A

All granulocytes and their precursors

55
Q

What causes too many monocytes?

A

Infection (particularly chronic bacterial infection) or chronic inflammation

56
Q

What might lymphocytes due to a viral infection look like?

A

Intensely basophilic cytoplasm, scalloped margins and hugging of the surrounding red blood cells

57
Q

What cell type is characteristic of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia?

A

Smudge cells

58
Q

What are some haematological features of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia?

A

Leukocytosis with lymphoblasts in the blood
Normocytic, normochromic anaemia
Neutropenia
Thrombocytopenia (low platelet count)
Replacement of normal bone marrow cells by lymphoblasts

59
Q

Why might a child with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia have bruising and be pale?

A

Bruising is due to thrombocytopenia

Paleness is due to anaemia

Both occur due to the replacement of normal bone marrow cells with infiltrating lymphoblasts

60
Q

What are the treatment options for ALL?

A 
Supportive
Red cells
Platelets
Antibiotics
Systemic chemotherapy
Intrathecal chemotherapy
61
Q

What are clinical features of leukemia due to accumulation of abnormal cells?

A

Leukocytosis
Bone pain in acute leukemia
Splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, lymphadenopathy, thymic enlargement
Skin infiltration

62
Q

What are clinical features of leukemia due to the metabolic effects of leukemic cell proliferation?

A

Hyperuricaemia and renal failure
Weight loss
Low grade fever
Sweating

63
Q

What are clinical features of leukemia due to abnormal haemopoiesis?

A

Fatigue, pallor, breathlessness (anaemia)

Fever, other features of infection (neutropenia)

Brusing, petechiae, bleeding (thrombocytopenia)

64
Q

Mutations in what genes usually cause acute myeloid leukaemia?

A

Mutations in transcription factors for multiple genes causing profoundly disturbed cell behaviour

65
Q

What does acute myeloid leukemia result in?

A

Reduced haemopoiesis

POM 3 Haematology (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions