Biochemistry

Question 0

RNA (ribonucleic acid)

Answer 0

• mRNA carries a message from a gene in DNA to ribosomes for sequencing of amino acids in a protein
• uracil
• single stranded
• straight line

Question 1

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

Answer 1

• stores genetic info
• DNA gene codes for the order of amino acids in a protein
• thymine
• double stranded
• double helix

Question 2

acidic solutions

Answer 2

-substances that ionizes in water, releasing hydrogen ions

Question 3

basic solutions

Answer 3

-substances that ionizes in water, releasing hydroxide ions or take up hydrogen ions

Question 4

ionic bonding

Answer 4

• metal with nonmental
• held together by an attraction between oppositely charged ions
• simple not complex
• inorganic
• when dissolved in water - breaks into ions

Question 5

covalent bonds

Answer 5

• atoms share electrons
• in water breaks down into molecules
• large and complex because carbon is able to form 4 covalent bonds
• organic

Question 6

glycogen

Answer 6

• stored in the liver and muscles
• when broken down into glucose molecules, they enter the blood and are transported to our cells to be used by cellular respiration

Question 7

primary structure

Answer 7

• specific sequence of amino acids joined together by peptide bonds
• not functional protein

Question 8

secondary structure

Answer 8

• primary structure can coil and form helixes, while other parts will zig zag upon itself and form pleated sheets
• hydrogen and peptide bonds hold the secondary structure together
• not functional protein

Question 9

tertiary structure

Answer 9

• secondary structure folds upon itself to form a 3D globular structured protein that is functional
• held together by peptide bonds and disulphide bonds

Question 10

quaternary structure

Answer 10

• occurs when two or more different polypeptides in their tertiary tertiary structure joint together
• functional protein

Question 11

peptide bond

Answer 11

-covalent bond between the carbon from the carboxyl group and nitrogen from amino group

Question 12

dehydration synthesis of a peptide

Answer 12

• hydroxyl group of the carboxyl group of an amino acid and a hydrogen atom from another amino acid enter a ribosome (acts as enzyme)
• ribosome removes hydroxyl group from one amino acid and the hydrogen atom from the amino group of the other amino acid
• hydroxyl group combines with the hydrogen atom to form water
• covalent bond forms (peptide bond) between carbon of the carboxyl group and nitrogen of the amino group
• dipeptide is formed
• anabolic

Question 13

hydrolysis of peptide

Answer 13

• dipeptide enters enzyme peptidase
• peptidase breaks the peptide bond between carbon of carboxyl group and nitrogen from amino group
• water molecule splits into H+ and OH-
• OH- attaches to the carbon and H+ attaches to nitrogen to keep the 2 subunits apart
• 2 amino acids are formed
• catabolic

Question 14

ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

Answer 14

• atp undergoes hydrolysis and energy is released
• produced by cellular respiration in the mitochondria
• some are produced in the cytoplasm

Question 15

hydrogenation

Answer 15

• addition of hydrogen to an unsaturated fatty acid to convert it to a saturated fatty acid
• removes a double covalent bond and replacing it with a single covalent bond; this allows oils and processed foods to last longer on your self before it goes rancid

Question 16

coenzymes

Answer 16

• organic non-protein cofactors
• vitamins are often compounds of coenzymes

(-molecules which help coenzyme function)
(-copper and zinc are examples of inorganic cofactors)

Question 17

gastric or pancreatic protease

Answer 17

functional proteins -> polypeptides

Question 18

pancreatic lipase

Answer 18

fats (triglyceride) -> glycerol and 3 fatty acids

Question 19

DNA/RNA nuclease

Answer 19

nucleic acids -> DNA/RNA nucleotides

Question 20

amino group

Answer 20

H, H, N

Question 21

carboxyl group

Answer 21

O, C, OH

Question 22

nucleotide structure

Answer 22

• phosphate
• pentose sugar
• nitrogen-containing base
• deoxyribosugar/ribosugar*

Question 23

hydrogen bonding in water

Answer 23

-water is polar so it forms hydrogen bonds because hydrogen bonds form between a slightly H+ and a slightly O-

Question 24

chemical reactivity-outer, energy level

Answer 24

• first shell can contain two electrons (duet rule)

- each additional shell can contain eight electrons (octet rule)

Question 25

electrons

Answer 25

-negative charge

Question 26

atomic number

Answer 26

• # of protons and electrons

Question 27

glucose + glucose ->

Answer 27

maltose + water

Question 28

glycerol + fatty acids ->

Answer 28

triglyceride (fat) + water

Question 29

a2 + a2 ->

Answer 29

dipeptide

Question 30

glucose + fructose ->

Answer 30

sucrose

Question 31

competitive inhibitors

Answer 31

• attach to the enzyme in its active site
• when inhibitor and substrate are present, the two compete to occupy the active site
• when there’s lots of inhibitors it will occupy the active site blocking the substrate from binding, stopping enzyme activity

Question 32

denaturation

Answer 32

molecular shape and structure are changed

Question 33

catalyst

Answer 33

• chemical that speeds up a chemical reaction but is not used up in the reaction
• can be recovered and unchanged when reaction is complete
• function by lowering the amount of energy needed to initiate the reaction

Question 34

lock and key

Answer 34

• enzyme physically fits with a specific substrate
• enzyme and the substrate joint together to form an enzyme-substrate complex
• in active site

Question 35

induced fit

Answer 35

• active site is not a fixed arrangement but it’s flexible to allow a better fit
• active site changes shape to accommodate substance