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med management > Exam 1 - 20th April > Flashcards

Exam 1 - 20th April Flashcards

0
Q

Definition of pharmacokinetics

A

the branch of pharmacology concerned with the movement of drugs within the body.

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1
Q

What are the 5 rights of medicine management?

A

Right person, right drug, right dose, right route, right time

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2
Q

Definition of pharmacodynamics

A

the branch of pharmacology concerned with the effects of drugs and the mechanism of their action.

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3
Q

How many Kg in a tonne?

A

1000kg

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4
Q

How many g in 1 kg

A

1000g

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5
Q

How many mg in 1 g

A

1000mg

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6
Q

How many mcg in 1mg

A

1000mcg

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7
Q

What is a CD? (no not the music one ;) )

A

Controlled Drug

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8
Q

What is the usual adult dose of paracetamol?

A

0.5-1g every 4-6 hours

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9
Q

What is the indication for paracetamol?

A

Mild to moderate pain, pyrexia

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10
Q

What is the formula for calculating drug dosage

A

DxV ____ H

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11
Q

What is a controlled drug?

A

Controlled Drugs are medicines that are controlled under the Misuse of Drugs legislation

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12
Q

What does IV stand for?

A

Intravenously

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13
Q

What does PO stand for?

A

Oral

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14
Q

What does Bucc stand for?

A

Buccal

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15
Q

What does PR stand for?

A

Rectal

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16
Q

What does Top stand for?

A

Topical

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17
Q

What does PV stand for?

A

Vaginal

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18
Q

What does IM stand for?

A

Intramuscular

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19
Q

What does SC stand for?

A

Sub-cutaneous

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20
Q

What are the indications for paracetamol?

A

Mild to moderate pain, pyrexia

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21
Q

What is the standard adult dose of paracetamol?

A

0.5-1g every 4-6 hours

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22
Q

What are the indications for aspirin?

A

Mild to moderate pain, pyrexia, anti-platelet

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23
Q

Name routes of administration for paracetamol

A

oral, IV, rectum

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24
Q

Name routes of administration for aspirin

A

oral, rectum

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25
Q

What is the standard adult dose of aspirin?

A

300-900mg every 4-6 hours

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26
Q

What is the trade names for ibuprofen?

A

Brufen, Ibuprofen

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27
Q

What are the indications for ibuprofen?

A

mild to moderate pain and inflammation

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28
Q

What sort of drug is ibuprofen?

A

An NSAID, Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory

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29
Q

What sort of drug is paracetamol?

A

A non-opiod analgesic

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30
Q

What is the standard adult dose of ibuprofen?

A

300-400mg three times daily

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31
Q

Name routes of administration for ibuprofen

A

Oral

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32
Q

What sort of drug is Diclofenac sodium?

A

An NSAID, Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory

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33
Q

What are the trade names for Diclofenac sodium?

A

Voltoral

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34
Q

What is standard adult dose of Diclofenac sodium

A

75-150mg in 2-3 divided doses

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35
Q

What is the route of administration for Diclofenac Sodium?

A

Oral

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36
Q

What sort of drug is amoxicillin?

A

Penicillin Antibiotic

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37
Q

What are the trade names of amoxicillin?

A

Amoxil and amoxicillin

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38
Q

What are the indications for amoxicillin?

A

oral infections, lyme disease, UTI, otis media, tinnitus, bronchitis and more

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39
Q

What are the routes of administration for amoxicillin?

A

Oral, IM, IV,

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40
Q

What is the standard adult dose for amoxicillin?

A

Orally is 500mg every 8 hours with dose doubled in severe infection. IM is 500mg every 8 hours, IV is 500mg every 8 hours increased to 1g every 6 hours in severe infection

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41
Q

What sort of drug is Erythromycin?

A

Macrolide Antibiotic

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42
Q

What are the indictions of Erythromycin?

A

early syphilis, genital chlamydia, urethritis, oral infections, skin infections, Strep infection, acne

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43
Q

What are the trade names for Erythromycin?

A

Erythromycin, Erythromycin Ethyl Succinate, Erythromycin Lactbionate, Erymax, Erythrocin, Erythoped, Erythroped A.

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44
Q

What are the routes of administration for Erythromycin?

A

Oral and IV

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45
Q

What is the standard adult dose of Erythromycin?

A

Orally is 250mg every 12 hours for 7 days, increased in severe infection to 500mg every 12 hours for up to 14 days. . IV is 500 twice daily

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46
Q

What sort of drug is Clozapine?

A

Anti-psychotic

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47
Q

What are the trade names for Clozapine?

A

Clozaril, Denzapine, Zaponex

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48
Q

What are the indictions of Clozapine?

A

schizophrenia

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49
Q

What are the routes of administration for Clozapine?

A

Oral

50
Q

What is the standard adult dose of Clozapine?

A

12.5mg once of twice on first day, then 25-50mg on second day then increased gradually if tolerated in steps pf 25-50mg daily, up to a total of 300mg daily in divided dose. Can be given up to max 900mg daily, usual dose is 200-450mg

51
Q

What sort of drug is Fluoxetine?

A

an SRRI antidepressant

52
Q

What are the trade names for Fluoxetine?

A

Fluoxetine, Prozac

53
Q

What are the indications for Fluoxetine?

A

Major Depression, Bulimia, OCD

54
Q

What are the routes of administration for Fluoxetine?

A

oral

55
Q

What is the standard adult dose for Fluoxetine?

A

Major Depression: 20mg daily increased after 3-4 weeks if necessary max is 60mg daily. Bulimia: 60mg daily as a single or divided dose OCD: 20mg daily, increased gradually to 60mg if necessary

56
Q

What is the formula for calculating drip rate

A

Fluid amount X drops per mil* ______________________ Hours needed X 60

57
Q

What is a medication error?

A

Medication errors are any incident where there has been an error in the process of prescribing, preparing, dispensing, administrating, monitoring or provision of medicines (MHRA, 2014)

58
Q

What are the four main movements of drugs in relation to pharmokinetics?

A

Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion (Remember ADME)

59
Q

When does absorption begin?

A

When the drug enters to body

60
Q

When does absorption end?

A

When the drug reaches the circulatory system

61
Q

What is the rate of absorption dependant on?

A

Route of administration, blood flow, surface area, bioavailability.

62
Q

Name the enteral routes of drug administration

A

Oral, Sublingual, Trans-lingual, Buccal, Rectal

63
Q

How are enteral routes absorbed?

A

Enteral route drugs are absorbed via the oral or gastric mucosa, the small intestine or rectum

64
Q

Name the parental routes of drug administration

A

Intramuscular, Subcutaneous, Intravenous, Intra-dermal, Intra-fecal (lumbar puncture), Intraarticular

65
Q

Name the topical routes of drug administration

A

Skin, eyes, nose, ears, lungs, vagina

66
Q

What is the first pass effect?

A

The metabolism of a drug and it’s passage from the liver into circulation

67
Q

What is mean by drug distribution?

A

Drug distribution is the transport of a drug in the body by the bloodstream to it’s site of action

68
Q

What areas have fast distribution?

A

heart, liver, kidneys

69
Q

What areas have slow distribution?

A

muscle, skin, fat

71
Q

What is meant by drug metabolism?

A

Drug metabolism is the change/transformation of a drug from its original form to a more soluble form which will transport easily through the body, or it changes to a metabolite that is either more soluble, more potent, or inactive.

72
Q

Most drugs are metabolites are excreted by the

A

kidneys

73
Q

The main method of renal elimination of a drug is by

A

active glomerular filtration (in the nephrons)

74
Q

What route should drugs subject to first pass metabolism NOT be given?

A

Oral

75
Q

A pro-drug is

A

a drug given in it’s inactive form, requiring metabolism to become active

76
Q

Which passes through tissues quicker, lipid or water soluble drugs?

A

lipid soluable

77
Q

What is the process called when drugs are metabolised to different compounds called metabolites?

A

Biotransformation metabolism

78
Q

Why would older people perhaps need a lower dose of a drug?

A

Impared organ function: Their kidneys do not preform as well, meaning they have a lower rate of glomerular filtration.

79
Q

What is a receptor?

A

A receptor is a protein molecule that studs the plasma membrane of a human cell, drugs, hormones and neurotrasmitters bind to specific receptors.

80
Q

What 3 attributes control the onset of drug action?

A

Route of administration, rate of absorption, manner of distribution

81
Q

What is meant by ‘first pass effect’

A

the first pass effect is a process of drug metabolism whereby the concentration of a drug is greatly reduced before it reaches the systemic circulation. This happens with drugs given orally, they are absorbed into the stomach and enter the blood stream going directly to the liver where it is metabolised and a lot of the drug is destroyed by liver enzymes.

82
Q

2 methods of excretition include

A

renal elimination

faecal elimination

83
Q

Why should you avoid crushing tablets?

A

Beause lots of them are specifically designed to be absorbed in a specific manner in a specific time frame, crushing the tablet can change this.

84
Q

Which 7 types of drugs are more likely to cause adverse reactions, and are particularly dangerous?

A
  • antibiotics
  • antipsychotics
  • Non steroidal Anti Inflammatories
  • drugs with narrow therapeutic index (warfarin)
  • lithium
  • diuretics
  • benzodiazepines
85
Q

What percentage of hospital admissions are thought to be associated with adverse drug reactions

A

5 to 17 percent (according to Essentials of Pharmacology for Nurses)

86
Q

If there is food in the stomach it can affect drugs by

A

delaying absorption

87
Q

What is an ADR

A

An ADR (adverse drug reaction) is a negative event following prescription and administration of a medicine.

88
Q

Elderly and children are more at risk of drug reactions. True or false?

A

True

89
Q

What is an indication for opioid analgesic use?

A

moderate to severe pain

90
Q

Opioid analgesics work on receptors in the central nervous system

True or false?

A

True

91
Q

Local anasthetics work by (choose one)

  1. Opening potassium channels
  2. Opening sodium channels
  3. Blocking potassium channels
  4. Blocking sodium channels
A

Local anasthetics work by 4, blocking sodium channels

92
Q

Why are some local anaesthetics given with adrenaline?

  1. adrenaline is needed in order for them to work
  2. adrenaline countercts the vasodilation caused by them
  3. adrenaline makes local anaesthetics work more quickly
  4. adrenaline helps the local anaesthetics enter the cells
A

Some local anaesthetics are given with adrenaline because adrenaline counteracts the vaso-dilation that occurs. This means that the drug will last longer and be more potent.

93
Q

NSAIDs (non steroidal anti inflammatories) work by

A

blocking production of prostaglandins

94
Q

What are the 4 groups of infectious diseases

A

Bacterial, viral, fungal and protozoal

95
Q

What are the 3 classifications of bacteria

A

bacilli, cocci or spirochetes

96
Q

Bacteria need folate to survive, Trimethoprim is an antibiotic that stops bacteria using folate and thus helps to get rid of it

True or false?

A

True

97
Q

What is the name of the antibiotic group that stops bacteria from making a strong cell wall?

A

Beta-lactam antibiotics

These include penicilins and cephalosporins

98
Q

Which antibiotics group interferes with protein synthesis of bacteria?

A

Tetracycline and chloramphenicol

99
Q

How to viruses invade?

A

By invading our cells and using their functions to live and replicate

100
Q

What is the mechanism of action of tetracycline antibiotics?

A

They inhibit bacterial protein synthesis

101
Q

What is the drug of choice for treating tuberculosis?

  1. Rifampacin
  2. Gentamycin
  3. Clindamycin
  4. Chloramphenicol
A

Rifampacin

102
Q

Why should anti-acid medicines not be taken with certain antibiotics?

A

they stop the antibiotics from being absorbed by the body

103
Q

how do penicillins and cephalosporins work?

A

They constrict the bacteria cell wall

104
Q

Viruses are difficult to treat because they are smaller than bacteria

True or false?

A

False.

Virsues are difficult to treat because they reproduce in our own cells

105
Q

What is inflammation?

A

The body’s response to cell damage.

Without the inflammatory response we would die, it is a protective mechanism designed to rid the body of the cause of injury and pepare our tissues to rebuilt themselves

106
Q

What are the signs of inflammation?

A

Redness, pain, swelling, heat and loss of function

107
Q

The misuse of drugs act was published in which year? What does it do?

A

1971, it prohibits certain activities in relation to controlled drugs

108
Q

Which class of drugs is morphine?

A

Class A

109
Q

What is absorption

A

The process by which a drug reaches the general circulation and becomes biologically available

110
Q

what is acetylcholine?

A

a chemical transmitter released by certain nerve endings

111
Q

Which hormone is produced by the adrenal gland to prepare the body for fight or flight?

A

Adrenaline

112
Q

What is an antidote?

A

A remedy which counteracts the action of a chemical

113
Q

What is an anti-emetic

A

a drug gievn to stop nausea and vomiting

114
Q

What is the name of the sort of drugs that help loosen the bowels?

A

An aperient

115
Q

What is bioavailability?

A

The extent and rate of a drug that becomes available to its target receptor following administration

116
Q

What is the name of the type of white cell associated with the immune response and production of antibodies

A

b-lymphycyte

117
Q

What is a decongestant?

A

a drug used to unblock the upper respiratory track

118
Q

What is an enteric coating?

A

Protective coating which ensures a medicine is released after leaving the stomach

119
Q

what is meant by ‘half life’?

A

Time taken for a drug to lose 50% of its plasma concentration in the body

120
Q

The substance that casues widespread vasodilation and increased permeability of blood vessels

A

histamine

121
Q

What is a drug that helps promote defecation?

A

A laxative.

122
Q

What is meant by ‘therapeutic range’

A

the range of plasma drug concentration in which medicine has it best effect

123
Q

What is meant by therapeutic index?

A

This is the comparison of the amount of a drug needed to bring about a therapeutic response to the amount that would cause a toxic effect

med management (2 decks)

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