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CARD 1103 > module6 > Flashcards

module6 Flashcards

1
Q

hypertension

A

high BP

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2
Q

congestive heart failure (CHF)

A

inability of heart to pump its required amount of blood to meet body’s metabolic demand

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3
Q

angina

A

chest pain caused by decreased blood flow to the heart

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4
Q

arrhythmia

A

deviation from normal rhythmic pattern of heartbeat (rrhythm/o)

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5
Q

fibrillation

A

rapid, involuntary, recurrent contraction of a bundle of nerve fibers or single muscle fiber. results in random inefficient contraction and disruption of normal sinus rhythm; rapid and disorganized

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6
Q

(Acute) Myocardial Infarction

A

heart attack; necrosis of myocardial muscle due to obstruction in coronary artery caused by atherosclerotic plaque, thrombus or spasm

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7
Q

Flutter

A

type of arrhythmia characterized by rapid, but regular, contractions of atria or ventricles

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8
Q

atherosclerosis

A

formation of fatty deposits (ather/o) along inner lining of coronary arteries; caused by hardening, thickening or loss of arterial wall elasticity

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9
Q

-sclerosis

A

hardening

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10
Q

aneurysm

A

local widening of artery; can develop from atherosclerosis; sac filled with fluid (clotted blood) formed by dilation of a weakened artery, vein or heart

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11
Q

Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS)

A

group of disease changes in coronary arteries that lead to plaque or clot formation and heart attack or other problems

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12
Q

Coronary artery disease (CAD)

A

any abnormal condition affecting the arteries of the heart; particularly reduced flow of nutrients and O2 to myocardium

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13
Q

Electrocardiography

A

diagnosis rhythmic irregularities of the hear; records the heart’s electrical activity; establishes diagnosis of congenital heart disease

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14
Q

electrocardiogram

A

the recording of the ECG

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15
Q

stress test

A

ECG plus blood pressure monitoring and heart rate measurements showing heart’s response to physical exertion

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16
Q

holter monitor

A

portable ECG device that can be worn to provide an extended recording of the heart’s activity; also to test the readiness for increasingly challenging exercise regimens

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17
Q

cardiac catheterization

A

involves guiding a flexible catheter via a vein/artery into heart to detect blood flow and pressure; used to diagnose congential heart disease

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18
Q

cardiac catheter ablation

A

therapeutic procedure in which catheterization is used to destroy abnormal tissue that is causing arrhythmias

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19
Q

angiography

A

process of obtaining a radiographic image of blood vessels following injection of contrast dye; to diagnose congenital heart disease

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20
Q

doppler ultrasound

A

used to measure blood flow (velocity) in vessels via sound waves

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21
Q

echocardiography

A

use of high-frequency sound waves to show the structure and movement of the heart; also used to diagnose congenital heart failure (CHF)

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22
Q

MUGA scan

A

shows the motion of the heart wall muscles using radioactive chemicals

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23
Q

treating congenital heart failure (CHF)

A

take meds to improve pumping action of heart and promote excretion of fluids; restrict sodium and fluid intake

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24
Q

Serum enzyme tests

A

tests used to determine whether a cardiac infarction has occurred

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25
Q

lipid test

A

lab test to measure cholestrol and triglycerides in the blood; used to detect CAD; screens for risk factors of CAD

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26
Q

lipoproteins electrophoresis

A

type of lipid test; lipoproteins (combo of fat and protein) are physically separated in a blood sample; allows for analysis of LDL (low density lipoprotein) vs HDL (high density…)

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27
Q

Technetium 99m Sestamibi scan

A

nuclear imaging; helps assess coronary blood flow and myocardial viability; can be used with exercise tolerance test

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28
Q

thallium stress testing

A

nuclear imaging; assesses blood flow to the myocardium during exercise after injection of radioisotope 201

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29
Q

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

A

used to identify areas of ischemia and infarction; inject radioactive particles that reach the heart producing cross-sectional images showing blood flow and heart muscle activity

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30
Q

cardioversion/defibrillation

A

brief discharge of electricity passing across the chest to stop a cardiac arrhythmia (aka defibrillation) (-vesion = to turn); AED (automated external defibrillator) or ICD (cardioverter-defibrillator)

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31
Q

thrombolytic therapy

A

use of drugs to dissolve clots before they lead to heart attack

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32
Q

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)

A

emergency procedure that uses manual chest compressions in an effort to restart the heartbeat and breathing of a person whose heart has stopped in cardiac arrest

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33
Q

Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI)/Balloon Angioplasty

A

is a repair procedure in which a balloon-tipped catheter and stent are threaded into coronary artery to dilate the clogged vessel

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34
Q

saturated fats

A

those of animal origins (milk fat, butter, fatty meats); these increase blood cholesterol which builds up plaque over time

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35
Q

coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)

A

surgical procedure where a blood vessel is grafted onto one of the coronary arteries to bypass the area of occulsion

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36
Q

endarterectomy

A

the surgical removal of fatty deposits (end- = innermost lining of artery)

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37
Q

heatburn

A

a burning sensation caused by regurgitation of HCL from stomach into esophagus; associated with GERD

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38
Q

gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

A

associated with heartburn; disorder in which solids and fluids return to the mouth from the stomach through the esophagus

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39
Q

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)

A

ulceration of the lining of the intestine; characterized by diarrhea, intrarectal bleeding, and pain

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40
Q

Crohn disease

A

IBD that occurs in the last portion of the ilium

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41
Q

Ulcerative colitis

A

IBD that occurs in the colon

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42
Q

Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)

A

increased intestinal activity, including diarrhea and abdominal pain; commonly associated with emotional stress

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43
Q

anal fistula

A

is an abnormal tube-like passageway near the anus; often results from infection

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44
Q

anal fissure

A

painful narrow slit in the mucous membrane of the anus

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45
Q

polyp (polyp/o)

A

benign growth that protrudes from the mucous membrane

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46
Q

colonic polyposis

A

polyps that occur in the colon

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47
Q

diverticulosis

A

abnormal presence of diverticula, particularly through the muscular portion of the sigmoid colon; abnormal sac-like outpouchings in the colon wall

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48
Q

diverticulitis

A

inflammation and infection within the diverticula

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49
Q

hepatitis

A

inflammation of the liver

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50
Q

jaundice

A

results when yellow bile pigment accumulate in the blood and are deposited in the skin and eyes; symptom caused by hyperbilirubinemia

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51
Q

hyperbilirubinemia

A

excess bilirubin in the blood

52
Q

bilirubin

A

RBC pigment excreted with bile from the liver into the intestine

53
Q

hepatocellular carcinoma

A

malignant tumour of the liver

54
Q

cholelithiasis

A

aka gallstones; causes biliary colic

55
Q

lith/o

A

stone

56
Q

chol/e

A

gall/bile

57
Q

-iasis

A

abnormal condition

58
Q

computed tomography (CT)

A

radiographic procedure that produces computerized images representing cross-sectional slices of tissue structure

59
Q

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

A

noninvasive medical imaging technique that uses radio frequency to produce images without use of radiation or contrast medium; has superior soft tissue contrast resolution

60
Q

barium test

A

barium mixture is introduced into GI and then x-ray images are obtained

61
Q

lower GI (gastrointestinal) series

A

a series of radiographs taken of the LI after an injection of a barium enema; aka barium enema, BE

62
Q

upper GI (gastrointestinal) series

A

fluoroscopic or radiographic diagnostic views of the upper GI taken after ingestion of barium sulfate; aka barium swallowing

63
Q

abdominal ultrasound

A

process of beaming sound waves into abdomen to produce images or organs (often the gallbladder)

64
Q

Endoscopic ultrasound

A

procedure that produces images of intestinal wall layers by use of an endoscope with an attached ultrasound probe; used for detection of tumours (abdominal) and cystic growths (enlarged lymph nodes) and for determining stage of malignant tumors

65
Q

cholangiography

A

within the liver, a radiographic examination of bile ducts (cholangi/o) after a contrast material is injected either through liver or through a catheter

66
Q

Hemoccult test

A

standardized test to look for hidden (occult) blood in stool; screening test for colon and rectal cancer

67
Q

stool culture

A

feces (stool) are placed in a growth medium (culture medium) which is later examined microscopically for evidence of microorganisms (ie bacteria)

68
Q

liver function tests (LFTs)

A

aka liver enzyme test; measure presence of liver enzymes such as ALT (alanine transaminase) and AST (aspartate transaminase) in blood

69
Q

Endoscopy

A

visual examination within any hollow organ using an endoscope

70
Q

esophagoscopy

A

visual examination of the esophagus without surgery; insertion of instrument (esophagoscope)

71
Q

gastroscopy

A

visual examination of inside of stomach

72
Q

gastroscope

A

instrument used to visually examine the stomach; inserted into mouth and eased down esophagus into stomach

73
Q

sigmoidoscopy

A

visual examination of the sigmoid colon with an endoscope inserted through the anus and rectum

74
Q

colonoscopy

A

examination of the entire colon using a more elongated endoscope

75
Q

virtual colonoscopy (CT colonography)

A

2-3D images of colon are produced using CT scans, MRIs and computers

76
Q

endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)

A

diagnostic procedure that produces radiographic images of the bile and pancreatic ducts; contrast medium is injected via catheter tube through mouth, esophagus, stomach, duodenum and then into the bile ducts

77
Q

stoma

A

opening created to relieve blockages (ie. colostomy)

78
Q

colostomy

A

artificial opening into the colon through abdominal wall, used for passage of stool, especially in cancer of the colon

79
Q

ileostomy

A

surgical creation of a new opening from the ileum (ile/o) to the outside of the body

80
Q

Anastomosis

A

surgical creation of an opening btw two gastrointestinal organs (ie. btw stomach and section of intestine)

81
Q

cholecystectomy

A

traditional surgery to remove the gallbladder; treatment for cholelithiasis (gallstones)

82
Q

Laparoscopic cholecystecomy

A

laparascope is used to surgically remove damaged gallbladder through much smaller incision; surgical removal through visual examination of interior of abdomen through one or more small incisions in abdominal wall

83
Q

hypophys/o

A

pituitary gland

84
Q

acromegaly

A

chronic metabolic disorder that involves gradual enlargement of the bones of the face, jaw and extremities (acr/o); caused by hypersecretion of growth hormone during adulthood

85
Q

goiter

A

enlargement of the thyroid gland; occurs in conjunction with increased, decreased, or normal levels of hormone function

86
Q

Endemic goiter

A

occurs in certain geographic areas among pops of ppl who lack sufficient dietary iodine; enlargement results from collection of colloid (jelly-like substance) within gland

87
Q

nodular/adenomatous goiter

A

occurs in presence of hyperthyroidism

88
Q

hyperthyroidism

A

the excessive secretion of thyroid hormone; includes symptoms such as protrusion of eyeballs, tremors, nervousness, weight loss, fatigue, and palpitations

89
Q

Graves disease (aka exophthalmic goiter)

A

most common form of hyperthyroidism; disorder of unknown origin; involved with dysfunction of the immune system; influenced by genetic and enviro factors; will see abnormal protrusion (exo-) of the eyeballs (ophthalm/o) caused by increased deposits of fat in tissues at back of eye socket

90
Q

Cushing Syndrome

A

hypersecretion of cortisol from the adrenal cortex; person typically displays obesity, round moon like appearance of face, fatty deposits of chest, abdomen, and upper back

91
Q

hyperglycemia

A

symptom of cushing syndrome; abnormally increased amount of glucose in blood

92
Q

muscular atrophy

A

symptom of cushing syndrome; decrease in size of muscle cells

93
Q

osteoporosis

A

symptom of cushing syndrome; decrease in amount of bone mass leading to fracture after minimal trauma

94
Q

treatment of cushing syndrome

A

involves reduction in amount of cortisol secretion either pharmacologically or surgically

95
Q

Diabetes Mellitus (DM)

A

chronic syndrome of impaired carb, fat and protein metabolism caused by either insufficient insulin secretion or by target tissue insulin resistance

96
Q

Type 1 diabetes

A

usually has onset during childhood; involves deficiency of insulin in the body

97
Q

Type 2 diabetes

A

usually develops in adulthood and involves some insulin deficiency and a loss of the body’s ability to respond to the action of insulin (insulin resistance)

98
Q

fasting blood sugar (FBS)

A

measures the body’s ability to break down and utilize glucose; diagnostic tool to measure amount of insulin and glucose in blood and urine

99
Q

glucose tolerance test (GTT)

A

measure body’s response to a concentrated glucose solution; diagnostic tool to measure amount of insulin/glucose in blood/urine

100
Q

hormone test

A

measure amount of ADH, cortisol, GH, and PTH in blood

101
Q

radioimmunoassay studies (RIA)

A

tag and detect hormones in the blood

102
Q

thyroid function tests (TFT)

A

examination of blood to assess T3, T4 and calcitonin levels

103
Q

radioactive iodine uptake

A

test of thyroid function; administer iodine and assess the amount absorbed by the gland; in hyperthyroidism absorption of iodine is increased; uptake is visualized in a thyroid scan

104
Q

exophthalmometry

A

measures the forward displacement of the eyes in Graves Disease

105
Q

pregnancy test

A

measures human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG); examines urine for presence of hCG, or serum pregnancy test to get quantitative hCG

106
Q

gynecology

A

branch of medicine concerned with diseases of female genital tract

107
Q

o/o

A

egg

108
Q

menorrhagia

A

abnormally long or heavy menstrual periods (hypermenorrhea)

109
Q

amenorrhea

A

absence of menstrual flow

110
Q

dysmenorrhea

A

painful menstrual flow

111
Q

endometriosis

A

condition in which inner lining of uterus (endometrium) occurs abnormally in other pelvic or abdominal regions

112
Q

ectopic pregnancy

A

pregnancy that occurs outside the uterus (usually in fallopian tube); non-genetic

113
Q

fibroid (myoma)/ leiomyoma

A

most commonly occuring pelvic tumour; benign growths that consist of smooth muscle (leiomy/o) and fibrous connective tissue; causes are unknown although development stimulated by estrogen

114
Q

pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)/ salpingitis

A

can interfere with pregnancy; most often effects the fallopian tubes (salping/o); inflammatory condition effecting female pelvic organs; caused by bacterial infection

115
Q

mammography

A

refers to an x-ray imaging of the breast (mamm/o)

116
Q

Pap smear

A

test in which the physician removes a sample of cervical and vaginal secretions for microscopic analysis to detect any presence of disease

117
Q

colposcopy

A

visual examination of the vagina (colp/o) and cervix using small magnifying instrument

118
Q

hysterosalpingography

A

technique to confirm diagnosis of fibroids; involves x-ray imaging of uterus and fallopian tubes following injection of contrast dye

119
Q

Pelvic ultrasonography

A

process of imaging deep body structures by measuring and recording sound waves; used to detect leiomyomas

120
Q

transvaginal ultrasound

A

uses transducer placed in vaginal canal to obtain a sharper image of internal structures than the transabdominal approach

121
Q

conization

A

removal of a cone-shaped section of the cervix; used if doctor wants to examine a section for biopsy

122
Q

biopsy

A

removal of living tissue from body for examination; to confirm/establish diagnosis, estimate prognosis or follow course of disease

123
Q

uterine artery embolization

A

treatment of fibroids; used to shrink the size of tumours by injecting tiny pellets into artery to block blood flow to the fibroids

124
Q

myomectomy

A

treatment of fibroids; excision of the fibroid (myom/o)

125
Q

hysterectomy

A

removal of uterus; treatment of fibroids

126
Q

cryosurgery

A

use of liquid nitrogen to freeze (cry/o) and destroy damaged tissue

CARD 1103 (12 decks)

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