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Sociology > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Aggregate

A

collection of people who happen to be in the same place at the same time

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2
Q

Category

A

people with similar social characteristics or a common status

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3
Q

Social group

A

two or more people who have patterned interaction, feeling of unity, and shared interests

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4
Q

Primary social group

A

people who interact and have close relationships

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5
Q

Secondary social group

A

people who interact to formally accomplish a goal

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6
Q

Dyad

A

groups of two, highest level of intimacy possible, least stable group

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7
Q

Triad

A

group of three, democracy becomes possible, more stable than dyad

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8
Q

Bureaucracy

A

large-scale organization that uses rules, hierarchical ranking

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9
Q

Formal Organizations

A

secondary groups for achieving goals

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10
Q

Authoritarian leadership

A

leader retains authority and responsibility for the group

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11
Q

Democratic leadership

A

“rule by the people” by consensus

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12
Q

Laissez-faire leadership

A

little interference, directionless

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13
Q

Differential Reinforcement Theory

A

norm violation can be rewarded or sanctioned depending on who you hang out with. Ronald Akers

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14
Q

Medical Model of Deviance

A

behavior is medicalized and there is a tendency to deal with behavior problems through drugs or treatment rather than social transformation

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15
Q

Mores

A

rules with moral significance

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16
Q

Folkways

A

informal rules of behavior. Manners

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17
Q

Competitive capitalism

A

business competing against one another

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18
Q

Monopoly

A

corporations dominating other small business

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19
Q

first amendment

A

freedom of speech, press, and religion

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20
Q

fourteenth amendment

A

equal protection under the law

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21
Q

Meritocracy

A

government selected by ability. no excuse for individual failure

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22
Q

groupthink

A

decision making that ignores alternative solutions in order to maintain group harmony

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23
Q

retribution

A

punishment for a criminal act

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24
Q

Patterns of social interaction

A 
exchange
cooperation
competition
conflict
coercion
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25
Q

taboos

A

repugnant behavior

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26
Q

variables for class ranking

A

wealth, authority, prestige

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27
Q

socioeconomic status

A

based on income, occupation, education, neighborhood

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28
Q

absolute poverty

A

falling below a minimum substance level

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29
Q

relative poverty

A

being poor relative to others

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30
Q

intergenerational mobility

A

increasing class level within a lifetime

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31
Q

intragenerational mobility

A

increasing class level over generations

32
Q

life chances

A

opportunities for securing higher class ranking

33
Q

conspicuous consumption

A

desire to express social standing by acquiring goods

34
Q

achieved status

A

status by abilities and effort

35
Q

ascribes status

A

status based on things we cannot control

36
Q

techniques of neutralization

A 
denial of responsibility
denial of injury
denial of victim
condemnation of the condemners
appeal to higher loyalties
37
Q

bureaucratic ritualism

A

workers conform to rules and procedures to such a degree that they become more important than goals

38
Q

primary deviance

A

engage in mild deviance

39
Q

secondary deviance

A

officially labeled as deviant

40
Q

differential association theory

A

learn crime from those we associate with. Edwin Sutherland

41
Q

demonology

A

criminals were believed to be possessed

42
Q

social institutions

A

relatively enduring clusters of values, norms, social statuses, roles and groups that address fundamental social needs

43
Q

feudalism

A

example of an estate in europe

44
Q

voluntary organizations

A

organizations that people join freely to accomplish a goal

45
Q

culture of poverty

A

set of norms, values, etc. that the urban poor pass down from generation to generation. Oscar Lewis

46
Q

role strain

A

contradictory expectations built into a single role

47
Q

role conflict

A

multiple statuses and their roles have contradictory expectations

48
Q

crime

A

any act that violates a criminal law

49
Q

social stratification

A

systematic hierarchy of unequal categories of people

50
Q

social inequality

A

unequal access to wealth, power, and prestige

51
Q

anomie - Durkheim

A

weakened norms increase social freedom but cause increased crime. normlessness

52
Q

anomie - Merton

A

norms conflict with social reality. frustration within economically disadvantaged causes crime

53
Q

Mertons modes of adaption

A 
conformity + +
Innovation + -
ritualism - +
retreatism - -
rebellion +/- +/-
54
Q

social control theory

A

deviance is normal and conformity must be explained

55
Q

labeling theory

A

not considered deviant until officially labeled. powerless and social distance between authority increase likeliness of being targeted. E. Lemert

56
Q

Strain theories

A

view that deviance is a result of the tension because of position in social structures

57
Q

recidivism

A

in prison for a second time. 2/3 of people

58
Q

deterrence

A

deviance is deterred if negative social sanctions are perceived to be swift, certain, and severe

59
Q

deviance

A

violation of a social norm

60
Q

hate crime

A

crime motivated by prejudice or bias

61
Q

peter principle

A

in bureaucracies individuals are promoted until they reach their level of incompetence

62
Q

parkinson’s law

A

bureaucracies waste human talent and energy

63
Q

Public order crime

A

victimless crime

64
Q

ethnomethodology

A

way of analyzing the “taken for granted” aspects of our social interactions

65
Q

master status

A

positions that have become central to the way people think of themselves and their connections to the social world

66
Q

norm of reciprocity

A

help and not harm those who have helped us

67
Q

sanction

A

penalties or rewards society uses to encourage conformity and punish deviance

68
Q

social bond theory

A

Hirshi’s theory that social bonds inhibit us from deviance

69
Q

containment theory

A

Reckless’s theory the containments help kids resist becoming criminals

70
Q

Characteristics of Bureaucracy

A 
Specialized division of labor
hierarchy of authority
emphasizing formal rules, regulations, procedures
emphasis on impersonality
merit and career based
71
Q

slavery

A

2 strata, free people and slaves

72
Q

caste

A

born into your status, heredity, rules regulate social contact

73
Q

estates

A

ownership of land by elites

74
Q

social class system

A

achieved status, association between classes, open social contact, wealth concentrated at top

75
Q

zones of comfort

A

intimate distance
personal distance
social distance
public distance

Sociology (3 decks)

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