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Pathology > Skin > Flashcards

Skin Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main layers of the skin?

A

**epidermis = **keratinocytes and melanocytes

**dermis = **connective tissue (BV, nerves hair follicles)

**subcutis = **fat tissue

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2
Q

Give clinical examples of a macule, patch, papule, vesicle, pustule, plaque, ulcer, and nodule.

A

macule = freckle

patch = measles

papule = eczema

vesicle = herpes

pustule = impetigo

plaque = psoriasis?

ulcer = chancre

nodule = ?

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3
Q

What is icthyosis?

A

A congenital thickening of the skin, forming numerous large scales (squames)

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4
Q

What is albinism?

A

Generalized hypopigmentation caused by inborn error of metabolism. Individual lacks enzyme essential for the synthesis of melanin (from aa tyrosine and phenylalanine).

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5
Q

What is epidermolysis bullosa?

A

Term used for several congenital skin disorders, all characterized by the formation of blisters on rubbing of the skin or minor trauma (usually on palms and soles)

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6
Q

Explain the effects of mechanical trauma on the skin and subQ tissues.

A

Blunt trauma: usually causes contusion, bleeding into skin and soft tissues.

Laceration: disruption of skin and underlying soft tissue.

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7
Q

What are the differences between first-degree, second-degree, and third degree burns?

A

1st: erythema and swelling, spotty, single cell necrosis and edema.
2nd: epidermal blisters (spares follicles)
3rd: massive necrosis of entire epidermis and dermis

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8
Q

Compare immersion foot and frostbite.

A

Immersion foot = exposure to nonfreezing cold and moist environment. small blood vesses, stunned by cold become permanently dilated and unable to regulate local blood flow. **venous stagnation >> necrosis >> blisters and ulcers

frostbite = exposure to subfreezing temperature. blotchy, red and swollen with reheating >> gangrene

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9
Q

Describe an “electric mark” on the skin.

A

Passage of electricity generates hear, which burns the tissues >> linear marks

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10
Q

Compare the effects of acute and chronic sun exposure.

A

acute = hyperemia, 1st or 2nd degree thermal injury

chronic = skin becomes more birttle, less elastic, develops wrinkles, resist injury less efficiently, skin cancer

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11
Q

Describe and explain the pathogenesis of impetigo, folliculitis, furuncle, and carbuncle.

A

Impetigo: highly contagious, heals without scars, strep or staph aureusI, honey colored scab, superficial

Folliculitis: limited to hair follicles

Furuncle: bacteria invades hair shaft and extends into perifollicular tissue

Carbuncle: enlarges to include several hair follicles

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12
Q

Compare superficial dermatophytosis with deep fungal infections.

A

Superficial dermatophytosis >> live in surface area, causing no inflammation of underlying skin

Deep fungal infections >> cause large destructive lesions and tumor like lesions

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13
Q

List viruses that infect skin.

A

measles, chickenpos, herpes zoster, herpes labialis, HPV

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14
Q

Describe insect bites.

A

**itchy, maculopapular skin lesion with a red dot in the center. **

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15
Q

What is scabies?

A

Caused by a mite. Creates burrows in the superfiical layers of the epidermis. Maculopapular eruptions evolve in reponse ot the bite, feces, or ova

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16
Q

Describe the pathology of acne and explain its pathogenesis.

A

May have hereditary, hormonal, and bacterial factors.

Hormones: promote hyperkeratosis, blocking discharge of sebum, also sitmulate sebaceous glands

Retained sebum is colonized by bacteria.

17
Q

What is eczema?

A

Chronic dermatitis, edema, hyperkeratosis

exogenous = environmental irritants, contact dermatitis

endogenous = autoimmune disorders

18
Q

What is seborrheic dermatitis?

A

Chronic disease with reddening, scaling, itching

Especially nasolabial folds, eyebrows, upper chest

19
Q

Describe the pathologic and clinical features of psoriasis.

A

Generalized papulosquamous disease

presents with slighly elevated papules and patches >> silvery scales

often on extensor surface of extremities, scalp and nails

20
Q

Classify skin neoplasms.

A

**Tumors of **

  • epithelial cells
  • pigmentary cells
  • dermal connective tissue
  • bloodborne immigrant cells
21
Q

What is seborrheic keratosis?

A

most common benign epidermal tumor

brownish, solitary/multiple, mulberry shaped, wartlike, exophytic, flat-topped lesion with corrugated furrowed surface

papillae lined with basaloid cells

not premalignant

22
Q

Compare basal cell and squamous cell carcinoma.

A

Basal cell: most common malignant epithelial tumor, sun-exposed skin, islands and strands of invasive neoplastic cells resembling those in the basal layer

slightly elevated nodule with a central depression

**Squamous cell: **malignant, sun-exposed skin, typically locally invasive

plaque, small persistent ulcer

23
Q

What is actinic keratosis?

A

1/2 squamous cell carcinoma

similar to cancer, but no invasion of underlying tissue typically >> carcinoma in situ

24
Q

What are the most important telltale signs of skin cancer?

A
  • persistent, nonhealing ulcer, containing friable, bleeding tissue
  • ulcer or nodule of irregular shape and indistince margins
  • ulcer surrounded by atrophic and keratotic skin typical of sunlight injury
25
Q

Compare freckle with lentigo and nevus.

A

freckle = patch of hyper-reactive melanocytes

lentigo = sharply demarcted macule with increased melanocytes

nevus = accumulation of melanocytes

26
Q

Classify malignant melanomas.

A
  • lentigo maligna* flat, macular lesion, originates in a preexisting freckle
  • superficial spreading of melanoma *70%, irregularly pigmented macules with irregular edges, pruritic, legs (w) back (m)
  • nodular melanoma* vertical growth, infiltrating variant
  • acral-lentiginous melanoma *palms, plantar surfaces, asians/blacks
27
Q

List the ABCD of diagnosis of malignant melanoma.

A

A = assymmetry of lesion

B = irregular borders

C = marked variation of color

D = > 6mm usually

28
Q

What is Kaposi’s sarcoma, and how is it related to the AIDS epidemic?

A

Composed of BV and perivascular connective tissue

AIDs facilitates the prolferation of blood vessls, herpes virus 8?

29
Q

Compare mycosis fungoides and urticaria pigmentosa.

A

MF: T cell lymphoma

skin macules/papules > nodules > ulcerating masses

UP: dermal infiltrates of mast cells

brownish-red macules, elevated papules > flare with trouching or stroking

30
Q

Describe the main features of nail infections.

A

koilonychia = spoon-shaped nails

clubbing = chronic pulmonary disease

paronychia = bacterial infection of cuticle

onchomycoses = fungal infection

31
Q

Compare hirsutism and alopecia.

A

hirsutism = excess of hair, hormonal disturbance

alopecia = baldness from autimmune, fungi, or hair pulling, cytotoxic drugs, genetics, hormonal imbalance

Pathology (16 decks)

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