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PSYB4 > Approaches > Flashcards

Approaches Flashcards

1
Q

Bio Ap. - outline the findings from Christiansen (1977) twin study (Danish)

A

3,586 twin pairs were studied in Danish Islands
Concordance rates of 35% MZ and 13% DZ = male twins
21% MZ & 8% DZ = females

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2
Q

Bio Ap - outline the findings/ concordance rates from Dalgard and Kringlen (1976) Norweigan twin study

A

Concordance rates - 26% MZ & 15% DZ

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3
Q

What are the 3 main problems with twin studies?

A
  1. Hard to locate and study twins
  2. Concordance rates should be 100% with MZ twins
  3. Low concordance rates suggest an environmental influence
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4
Q

BA - outline the findings of Crowe (1972) adoption study

A

Almost 50% of the children sampled who’s biological mother had a criminal record had a criminal record themselves by 18years.

In a matched control group - children who’s mothers didn’t have a record only 5% had been convicted.

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5
Q

BA- outline the findings from Hutchings and Mednick (1975)

A

Biological & Adoptive Father had a criminal record = 36.2% of sons also
Biological father = 21.4% sons
Adoptive father = 11.5%
Neither = 10.5%

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6
Q

BA - what do the findings from Hutchings and Mednick suggest?

A

Genetics play a role but environmental factors cannot be neglected

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7
Q

BA - outline Stott 1982 findings (Pre Natal influences)

A

Prenatal influences affect the child, high stress on mother (low socio-economic class > high crime rates) can result in a variety of developmental disorders
Criminal tendencies in adoptive children as adults may be a result of problems during pregnancy not the environment

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8
Q

What are the 2 main issues with adoption studies?

A
  1. Adopted children are placed in similar environments to their biological parents
  2. Children are adopted at different ages some very late & early life experiences caused their behaviour
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9
Q

Biological Approach- outline the findings from the twin study conducted by Lange (1929)

A

Largest twin study, found MZ twins show a higher degree of concordance compared to DZ twins for criminal behaviour

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10
Q

Bio A - outline what Kendler et al (1992) found about anxiety

A

Anxiety disorders such as panic attacks, OCD & phobias are thought to have a genetic basis

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11
Q

Bio A- Outline Johnson et al 2000 study on smoking & anxiety disorders

A

A - link between teen smoking & anxiety
M - Longitudinal study 700 teens & number of cigarettes smoked daily
R - Teens who smoked more than 20 cigs. 15x to have panic attacks as an adult 5x more likely to have a general anxiety disorder
C - smoking as a teen can = anxiety

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12
Q

Bio Ap - what does Borjeson note about Obesity and Genetics in 1976?

A

Obesity is highly heritable with correlation for identical twins being 0.70.

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13
Q

Bio Ap - What did Bailey find out in 1993 about the link between homosexuality and genetics

A

Concordance rates of 50% for MZ and 20% for DZ

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14
Q

List 3 disorders which have a genetic basis

A
  1. Down’s Syndrome ( physical and mental defects)
  2. Turner’s Syndrome ( Sterile women)
  3. Huntington’s Chorea ( personality change, memory impairment uncontrollable body movements)
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15
Q

BE Ap - Outline Watson & Raynor’s Little Albert’s study in (1920)

A

A- Classical conditioning on a young infant can lead to a fear of white rats
M - 11months old was presented with a white rat alongside a loud noise ( steel bar & hammer) & repeated until white rat was shown without sound
R - Lil Al developed a fear of white rats & fluffy white objects
C - fear can be conditioned

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16
Q

What did Skinner develop from his Skinner Box Experiment? (Operant Conditioning)

A

Law of Acquisition

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17
Q

What is the Law of Acquisition?

A

The strength of an operant behaviour increases when it is followed by a reinforcing stimulus

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18
Q

SLT- outline Bandura’s bobo doll experiment (1965)

A

A- Lab experiment to show learning aggressive behaviour takes place from observation which is only performed in appropriate situations
M- Children watched 5min clip of adults behaving aggressively to the doll & divided into groups
Group 1 - adult was praised for their aggressive behaviour
Group 2 - adult was punished for their aggressive behaviour
Group 3 - control group were not shown 2nd film
** Children put in a room with a bobo doll & observed

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19
Q

What were the results & conclusions from Bandura’s Bobo Doll experiment 1965

A

Group 1 - behaved aggressively
Group 2- Least likely to behave aggressively
Group 3 - were in between the 2 groups
Conclusions - children LEARNED how to behave aggressively through watching adults

20
Q

What did Bandura define self efficacy as?

A

People’s belief about their capabilities to exercise control over events which affect their lives

21
Q

What Bandura study also supports the Bobo Doll experiment in 1965?

A

Bandura 1961, similar results were found in regards to exposure to aggression and aggressive behaviour

22
Q

Outline the findings from McCormick & McPherson’s self efficacy study in 2003?

A

Musicians with high levels of self efficacy performed better in examinations than those with low self efficacy

23
Q

CA - Outline Sternberg’s study to determine whether or not people retrieve information through scanning all the information in a list

A

M - PPTs asked to memorise a list of words (different lengths) Then asked if the words they learnt were on 2 other lists twice as long
R- PPTs took longer to identify the words on a longer list than a shorter list
C - Longer time spent identifying means they must scan the list rather than in a random way

24
Q

CA- Outline the Clive Wearing case study

A

Clive Wearing damaged his memory, which meant he has a very short STM (7secs) finds it difficult to retrieve and create LTM

25
Q

CA- Outline HM case study

A

HM had severe epilepsy and had an operation to remove parts of his brain, this led to severe amnesia he struggled to remember things and could only remember his childhood memories

26
Q

CA - Outline KF case study

A

KF suffered brain damage from a motorbike accident which damaged his STM mainly verbal information.

27
Q

PA- What did Newman (1997) show?

Projection

A

Individuals actively suppress thoughts that have undesirable characteristics and see other people as possessing such characteristics rather than themselves

28
Q

PA - What did Adams (1996) show?

Reaction Formation

A

Demonstarted reaction formation in homophobic men who became sexual aroused when viewing homosexual behaviour between two men

29
Q

PA - Outline the findings from Boden & Baumister’s study on individual differences in memory for emotional events and repressors

A

People who scored as repressors were less able to recall details of emotional events compared to the non-repressors

30
Q

Outline the Little Hans case study?

A

Little Hans had a phobia of horses he feared they would bite him or fall down and make a row

31
Q

What did Freud suggest about Little Hans phobia

A

The horses symbolised his Dad

The fear of being bitten = oedipal complex (castration anxiety because of his sexual desires towards his mother

32
Q

Outline the Dora case study

A

Dora left a suicide note for her father and suffered many hysterical/neurotic symptoms which led to loss of voice and depression

33
Q

What did Freud suggest as a reason for Dora’s behaviour?

A

K a family friend made a sexual advance towards her at 16 and when she rejected she slapped him and ran away. Dora’s father believed K rathen than her. K apparently made another sexual advance to Dora closer to her suicide note

34
Q

Why did Dora’s father believe K rather than her?

A

Dora’s father was having an affair with Frau K therefore because of his own guilt he did not believe her

35
Q

In what ways was Frued forceful with his interpretations

A

When Dora dened K’s sexual advances Freud viewed it as reaction formation as she was apparently in love with K

36
Q

Why might Freud’s responses be deemed ludacris

A

Freud suggested Dora’s voice only went when K went away for business, as she only speaks to the man she loves and that she had lesbian desires for Frau K and was in love with Freud.

37
Q

Outline the Rat Man case study

A

Rat Man developed a fear of rats after hearing about a form of rat torture whilst in the army

38
Q

What did Freud claim to do?

A

Freud claimed that he cured Rat Man of his phobia of rats and obssessive compulsive tendancies

39
Q

Why did Freud suggest Rat Man had this phobia

A

Freud suggested that Rat Man hated his ftaher and wanted to torutre him with rats however he felt guilty whenever he wanted to do so

40
Q

What was the rat torture used

A

Rats would eat through a person’s anus

41
Q

HA - What did Rogers (1959) suggest about self-worth and positive regard?

A

A person who has high self-worth has confidence & positive feelings about themselves, faces challenges and accepts failures and unhappiness sometimes

42
Q

What did Rogers (1959) say about an individual with low self-worth

A

They avoid challenges, don;’t accept that life may be painful and unhappy at times, defensive and guarded with people

43
Q

What did Sexton & Whiston (1994) find out about Rogerian therapy

A

The 3 priniciples of thrapy had positibe effects but it largely depended on the personality of the client in regards to whether it was successful or not

44
Q

What are the three principles of Rogerian therapy?

A
  1. Self-worth and positive regard
  2. Self-concept and congruence/incongruence
  3. Client-centred and person-centred therapy
45
Q

What did Sheffield (1995) find?

A

People who score low on self-actualisation experience poor interpersonal relationships

46
Q

What did Daniels (1988) find?

A

The absence of psychological disorders,relationship difficulties a drug dependency fosters self actualization and growth.

PSYB4 (3 decks)

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