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Anatomy and Physiology > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

1
Q

Articulation

A

Where two bones meet

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2
Q

Functions of Joints

A

Mobility

Stability

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3
Q

Two Classifications

A

Functional

Structural

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4
Q

Functional Classification

A

Based on

-Amount of movement joint allows

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5
Q

3 Functional Classification

A

Arthro-Joint

  • Synarthroses- Syn- Doesn’t Move
  • Amphiarthroses- Amph- Little Movement
  • Diathroses- Di- Freely Moveable
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6
Q

Structural Classification

A

Based on

  • Material binding bones together
  • Presence/absence of joint cavity
  • -Joint Cavity- Space between joint
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7
Q

3 Structural Classifications

A

Fibrous Joint
Cartilaginous Joint
Synovial Joint

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8
Q

Fibrous Joints

A

Bones joined by dense fibrous connective tissue
No joint cavity
Most movable
-Depends on length of connective tissue fibers

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9
Q

3 Types of Fibrous Joints

A

Sutures
Syndesmoses
Gomphoses

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10
Q

Fibrous Joints: Sutures

A
  • Rigid, interlocking joints
  • Immovable joints for protection of brain
  • Contain short connective tissues fibers
  • Allow for growth during youth
  • In middle age, sutures ossify and fuse
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11
Q

Fibrous Joints: Syndesmoses

A

Bones connected by ligaments
Fiber length varies so movement varies
-Little to no movement at inferior tibiofibular joint
-Large amount of movement at interosseous membrane connecting radius and ulna

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12
Q

Fibrous Joints: Gomphoses

A
  • Peg-in-socket joints of teeth in alveolar sockets
  • Fibrous connections
  • No movement at all
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13
Q

Cartilaginous Joints

A

Bones united by cartilage
No joint cavity
Very little movable

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14
Q

2 Types of Cartilaginous Joints

A

Synchondroses

Symphyses

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15
Q

Cartilaginous Joints: Synchondroses

A

Bar/Plate of hyaline cartilage unites bones

  • Temporary epiphyseal plate joints
  • Cartilage of 1st rib with manubrium
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16
Q

Cartilaginous Joints: Symphyses

A

Fibrocartilage unites bone
-Hyaline cartilage present as articular cartilage
Strong flexible amphiarthroses

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17
Q

Synovial Joints

A 
Bones are separated by fluid-filled joint cavity
All are diarthrotic 
-Lots of movement
Includes:
-All limb joints
-Most joints of body
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18
Q

Synovial Joints: 6 Distinguishing Features

A
  1. Articular Cartilage: Hyaline Cartilage
  2. Joint (synovial) Cavity
  3. Articular (joint) Capsule
  4. Synovial Fluid
  5. Different Types of Reinforcing Ligaments
  6. Nerves and Blood Vessels
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19
Q

Articular (Joint) Capsule

A

Two layers

  • External Fibrous Layer
  • -Dense irregular connective tissue
  • Inner Synovial Membrane
  • -Loose connective tissue
  • -Makes synovial fluid
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20
Q

Synovial Fluid

A
  • Viscous, slippery filtrate of plasma and hyaluronic acid
  • Lubricates and nourishes articular cartilage
  • Contains phagocytic cells to remove microbes and debris
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21
Q

Different Types of Reinforcing Ligaments

A 
Capsular
-Thickest
Extracapsular
-Outside
Intracapsular 
-Deep
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22
Q

Nerves and Blood Vessels

A

Nerve Fibers
-Detect pain
-Monitor joint position + stretch
Capillary beds supply filtrate for synovial fluid

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23
Q

Other Features of Some Synovial Joints (2)

A 
Fatty Pads
Articular Discs (Menisci)
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24
Q

Fatty Pads

A

For cushioning between fibrous layer and synovial membrane or bone

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25
Q

Articular Discs (Menisci)

A

Fibrocartilage separates articular surfaces to improve “fit” of bone ends, stabilize joint, and reduce wear and tear

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26
Q

Structures Associated with Synovial Joints (2)

A

Bursae

Tendon Sheaths

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27
Q

Bursae

A

Sacs lined with synovial membrane
-Contains synovial fluid
Reduce friction

28
Q

Tendon Sheaths

A

Elongated bursa wrapped completely around tendon subjected to friction

29
Q

3 Stabilizing Factors at Synovial Joints

A
  • Shapes of articular surfaces
  • Ligament number and location
  • Muscle tendons that cross joint
30
Q

Synovial Joints: Movements Allowed

A

All muscles attach to bone or connective tissue at no fewer than two points
-Origin- Beginning
-Insertion- Ending
-Muscle contraction causes insertion to move toward origin
Movement occur along transverse, frontal, or sagittal planes

31
Q

Synovial Joints: Range of Motion (3)

A

Uniaxial
Biaxial
Multiaxial

32
Q

Uniaxial

A

Movement in one plane

33
Q

Biaxial

A

Movement in two planes

34
Q

Multiaxial

A

Movement in or around all three planes

35
Q

3 Types of Movement of Synovial Joints

A

Gliding
Angular Movements
Rotation

36
Q

Gliding Movements

A

One flat bone surface glides or slips over another similar surface

  • Intercarpal joints
  • Intertarsal joints
  • Between articular processes of vertebrae
37
Q

Angular Movements

A

Increase or decrease angle between two bones

Sagittal or Frontal Plane

38
Q

Sagittal Angular Movement

A 
Flexion
-Decreases the angle of the joint
Extension
-Increases the angle of the joint
Hyperextension
-Movement beyond the anatomical position
39
Q

Frontal Angular Movement

A

Abduction
-Movement away from the midline
Adduction
-Movement toward the midline

40
Q

Rotation

A 
Turning of bone around its own long axis
-Toward the midline or away from it
-Medial and lateral rotation 
Examples
-Between C1 and C2 vertebrae
-Rotation of humerus and femur
41
Q

Types of Synovial Joints (6)

A
  • Plane
  • Hinge
  • Pivot
  • Condylar
  • Saddle
  • Ball-and-Socket
42
Q

Knee Joint

A

Largest, most complex joint of body
3 Joints surrounded by a single joint cavity
-Femoropatellar Joint
-Lateral and Medial Tibiofemoral Joints

43
Q

Femoropatellar Joint

A

Plane joint

Allows gliding motion during knee flexion

44
Q

Lateral and Medial Tibiofemoral Joints

A

Femoral condyles with lateral and medial menisci of tibia

Allow flexion, extension, and some rotation

45
Q

Knee Joint

A

Capsule is reinforced by muscle tendons
-Quadriceps and Semimembranosus tendons
Joint capsule is thin

46
Q

Capsular and Extracapsular Ligaments

A
  • Help prevent hyperextension of knee

- Fibular and Tibial Collateral Ligaments

47
Q

Intracapsular Ligaments

A

-Prevent anterior-posterior displacement
-Reside outside synovial cavity
Two Types
-Anterior Cruciate Ligament
-Posterior Cruciate Ligament

48
Q

Anterior Cruciate Ligament

A

Attaches to anterior tibia

49
Q

Posterior Cruciate Ligament

A

Attaches to posterior tibia

50
Q

Knee Joint Injuries

A

Absorbs great vertical force

Vulnerable to horizontal blows, especially laterally blows to extended knee

51
Q

3 C’s of Knee Injuries

A

Collateral Ligaments
Cruciate Ligaments
Cartilages

52
Q

Shoulder (Glenohumeral) Joint

A

Ball-and-Socket Joint
-Head of humerus with glenoid cavity of scapula
Most freely moving joint in body
-Stability sacrificed

53
Q

Reinforcing Ligaments of Shoulder Joint

A

Primarily on anterior aspect
3 Glenohumeral Ligaments
-Weak and sometimes absent

54
Q

Reinforcing Muscle Tendons of Shoulder Joint

A

4 Rotator Cuff Tendons encircle shoulder joint

  • Subscapularis
  • Infrapinatus
  • Teres minor
  • Supraspinatus
55
Q

Elbow Joint

A

Articulation of radius and ulna with humerus
Hinge Joint
-Notch of Ulna with trochlea of humerus
-Flexion and extension only

56
Q

Elbow Joint Ligaments

A 
Anular Ligament
-Surrounds head of radius
Two Capsular ligaments restrict side-to-side movement
-Ulnar Collateral Ligament
-Radial Collateral Ligament
57
Q

Hip (Coxal) Joint

A

Ball-and-socket Joint
-Head of femur articulates with acetabulum
Good range of motion
Rib of fibrocartilage- Acetabular Labrum
-Enhances depth of socket so hip dislocations are rare

58
Q

Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ)

A

Mandibular condyle articulates with temporal bone
Two Types of movement
-Hinge- depression and elevation of mandible
-Gliding- side-to-side
Most easily dislocated joint in the body

59
Q

Common Joint Injuries (4)

A

Cartilage Tears
Sprains
Dislocations
Subluxation

60
Q

Cartilage Tears

A
  • Due to compression and shear stress
  • Fragments may cause joint to lock or bind
  • Cartilage rarely repairs itself
61
Q

Sprains

A

-Reinforcing ligaments stretched or torn
-Partial tears slowly repair heal
–Poor vascularization
3 options
-Ends sown together
-Replaced with grafts
-Time and immobilization

62
Q

Dislocation (Luxation)

A
  • Bones forced out of alignment
  • Accompanied by sprains, inflammation, and difficultly moving joint
  • Caused by serious falls or contact sports
  • Must be reduced to treat (low swelling)
63
Q

Subluxation

A

Partial dislocation of a joint

64
Q

Inflammatory and Degenerative Conditions

A

Bursitis

Tendonitis

65
Q

Bursitis

A
  • Inflammation of bursa, usually caused by blow or friction

- Treated with rest and ice, anti-inflammatory drug

66
Q

Tendonitis

A
  • Inflammation of tendon sheaths typically caused by overuse

- Symptoms and treatment similar to bursitis

67
Q

Arthritis

A 
-More than 100 types of inflammatory or degenerative diseases that damage joints
Symptoms
-pain
-stiffness
-swelling of joint
Chronic Forms
-Osteoarthritis
-Rheumatoid Arthritis
-Gouty Arthritis

Anatomy and Physiology (27 decks)

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