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Nervous System > CNS > Flashcards

CNS Flashcards

1
Q

functions of spinal cord

A

conduction of information between brain and PNS
-afferent and efferent
patterned locomotion
reflexes independent of brain processing

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2
Q

spinal cord trauma

A

quadriplegia- damage above C5

paraplegia-damage from T1-L1

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3
Q

cauda equina

A

spinal nerves @ inferior cord

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4
Q

filum terminale

A

extensions of pia mater that anchors spinal cord to coccyx

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5
Q

conus medullaris

A

end of the spinal cord at L2

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6
Q

lumbar puncture

A

to obtain CSF
-contained in meningeal sac
-nerve roots move away from needle
gives info on blood count and protein/glucose conc.

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7
Q

gray matter

A

neuron cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons

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8
Q

white matter

A

myelinated axons and neuroglia

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9
Q

nucleus

A

group of neuron cell bodies in CNS

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10
Q

tract

A

group of axons in CNS

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11
Q

ganglion

A

group of neuron cell bodies in PNS

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12
Q

nerve

A

group on axons in PNS

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13
Q

central canal

A

contains CSF

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14
Q

gray commissure

A

contains axons crossing from right to left/left to right

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15
Q

horns

A

collections of cell bodies

  • posterior: sensory
  • lateral: sympathetic
  • anterior: motor
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16
Q

spinal nerves

A

dorsal sensory root, vental motor root

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17
Q

columns

A

white matter

-posterior, lateral, anterior bundles of axons

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18
Q

divisions of neural tube

A

by 5th week of development, there are 5 divisions

  • telencephalon –> cerebrum
  • diencephalon –> thalamus/hypothalamus
  • mesencephalon –> midbrain
  • metencephalon –> pons/cerebellum
  • myelencephalon –> medulla oblongata
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19
Q

medulla oblongata

A

autonomic nuclei: 3 reflex centers
-cardiac control center: heart rate
-vasomotor control center: blood vessel diameter
-respiratory rhythmicity center: respiratory rate
controls coughing sneezing swallowing and vomiting

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20
Q

pyramids

A

where decussation occurs, neurons cross

in medulla oblongata

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21
Q

pons

A

bridge between brain/spinal cord

-respiratory control centers work together with medulla obligate to control respiratory rate

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22
Q

midbrain

A

corpora quadrigemina
superior colliculi: receive visual inputs/reflexes
inferior colliculi: receive auditory inputs/reflexes
cerebral peduncles: contain corticospinal tracts

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23
Q

cerebellum

A

coordinates voluntary skeletal muscle impulses and eliminates undesired motor impulses
-proprioception centers: controls balance and posture

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24
Q

thalamus

A

filters and sorts sensory information

relays motor impulses to spinal cord

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25
Q

hypothalamus

A 
monitoring unit of CNS
maintains homeostasis by regulating:
-autonomic function
-hormone production
-body temperature, sex drive, hunger & thirst, sleep cycle
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26
Q

pineal gland

A

endocrine gland: secretes melatonin

-circadian rhythms: internal clocks and REM cycles

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27
Q

cerebrum

A 
acts contra-laterally
Four lobes
-frontal
-parietal
-temporal
-occipital
28
Q

gyrus

A

folds of cerebral surface

29
Q

sulcus

A

shallow grooves between gyri

30
Q

fissure

A

deep grooves between gyri

31
Q

frontal lobe

A

contains:
motor cortex
broca’s speech area
precentral gyrus

32
Q

motor cortex

A

controls higher thought like planning, decision making, and personality

33
Q

broca’s speech area

A

motor control of speech

-left hemisphere only

34
Q

pre-central gyrus

A

initiates voluntary motor commands, any damage is permanent

35
Q

parietal lobe

A

contains:
sensory cortex
wernicke’s speech area
post central gyrus

36
Q

sensory cortex

A

interprets sensory input

-texture, temp, shape

37
Q

Wernicke’s speech area

A

comprehension and selection of words

-left hemisphere only

38
Q

post-central gyrus

A

receives general conscious sensory input

39
Q

occipital lobe

A

visual cortex: receives and interprets visual input

40
Q

temporal lobe

A

auditory cortex: receive and interprets auditory input

41
Q

limbic system

A

plays a role in emotions, pleasure/pain, learning and memory processing

42
Q

corpus callosum

A

myelinated axons for communication between left and right cerebral hemispheres

43
Q

left cerebral hemisphere

A

controls language, math, logic

44
Q

right cerebral hemisphere

A

controls visual-spatial skills, emotion, artistic

45
Q

meninges

A

dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

46
Q

dura mater

A

tough outer connective tissue

  • outer endosteal layer
  • inner meningeal layer
47
Q

arachnoid mater

A

fingerlike arachnoid villi protrude from subarachnoid space into dural sinuses- allows CSF to circulate back into venous arculation

48
Q

pia mater

A

attached to surface of brain and spinal cord

highly vascular due to brain’s tissue demand for glucose and O2

49
Q

(spinal) dura mater

A

separated from vertebrae by the epidural space

50
Q

(spinal) arachnoid

A

CSF is found in the subarachnoid space and central canal

51
Q

(spinal) pia mater

A

denticulate ligaments connect pia and dura mater

52
Q

CSF

A 
cerebrospinal fluid
3 functions:
buoyancy
protection
circulation
53
Q

choroid plexus

A

composed of ependymal cells and capillaries

produces CSF

54
Q

spinal nerve

A

where ventral and dorsal roots fuse

55
Q

posterior ramus

A

smaller branch

sensory and motor axons to posterior body

56
Q

anterior ramus

A

larger branch

carries sensory and motor axons to anterior and lateral bodies

57
Q

exteroreceptors

A

located near body surface

-supply info about external environment

58
Q

interoreceptors

A

located within walls of organs

-monitors conditions inside the body

59
Q

proprioceptors

A

located in muscles and tendons

-monitors body position

60
Q

mechanoreceptors

A

detect mechanical changes

-pressure, stretch, touch, vibration

61
Q

thermoreceptors

A

detect change in temperature

-only hot OR cold

62
Q

chemoreceptors

A

detect the presence of chemical molecules

63
Q

photoreceptors

A

detect changes in light intensity

64
Q

nociceptors

A

detect tissue damage and pain

65
Q

parasympathetic nerves

A

origin: cranial/sacral
long preganglionic neuron
within or nearby effector organ
non-branching

66
Q

sympathetic nerves

A

origin: thoracolumbar
short preganglionic neuron
located in sympathetic truck ganglion
branching

Nervous System (6 decks)

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