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Psychology > Unit 3 > Flashcards

Unit 3 Flashcards

0
Q

Longitudinal study

A

Involves subjects that are all the same age

Subjects are observed or measured repeatedly as they grow older

The development of individuals studied as it occurs

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1
Q

Developmental psychology

A

The study of how people change as they grow older

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2
Q

Cross-sectional study

A

Involve subjects of different ages

Subjects are observed or measured just once

The development of individuals is inferred from differences among subjects of different ages

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3
Q

Heredity

A

Refers to the genes children inherit from parents

Also called nature

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4
Q

Prenatal period

A

From fertilization to birth

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5
Q

Infancy

A

From birth to one-year

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6
Q

Toddler stage

A

From 1 to 3 years

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7
Q

Childhood

A

From 3 to 12 years

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8
Q

Prenatal development

A

Refers to all the changes that take place between fertilization and birth

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9
Q

Critical period

A

A time in early life when development may be greatly affected by environmental influences

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10
Q

Physical development

A

Refers to changes in size and shape of the body

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11
Q

Motor development

A

Increasing control of the body

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12
Q

Maturation

A

Refers to processes by which body parts become fully functioning and the whole organism becomes an adult

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13
Q

Reflex

A

An automatic response to a stimulus

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14
Q

Rooting reflex

A

An infant turns his head in the direction of your hand when you stroke his cheek

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15
Q

Grasping reflex

A

If you place an object such as your finger in an infant’s hand, the baby will grasp the object

16
Q

Cognitive development

A

Changes in mental abilities

17
Q

Jean Piaget

A

Believed that cognitive development occurs in four stages

Sensorimotor stage
Pre-operational stage
Concrete-operational stage
Formal-operational stage

18
Q

Assimilation

A

Children deal with new experiences based on their present way of thinking and learning

19
Q

Accommodation

A

Children change their way of thinking and learning because it no longer works for new experiences

20
Q

Critical period hypothesis

A

Children must be exposed to language by four or five years of age or they will never learn to use language normally

21
Q

Emotional development

A

Most infants and children are better able to control their emotions as they grow older

22
Q

Social development

A

Changes in relationships with others

23
Q

Eric Erickson

A

The psychologist that is best known for researching emotional and social development

24
Q

Attachment

A

An emotional bond between an infant and a parent or other primary caregiver

25
Q

Temperament

A

An individual’s natural style of reacting to the world

26
Q

Parenting style

A

Refers to the overall approach parents take in raising their children

27
Q

Authoritative parenting style

A

Parents show much positive affection

Strict but not controlling

Demand obedience but explain rules

Encourage children to be independent

28
Q

Authoritarian parenting style

A

Parents show little positive affection

Strict and controlling

Demand obedience but do not explain rules

Do not let children make decisions or explore

Use physical punishments

29
Q

Permissive parenting style

A

Parents show much positive affection

Rarely set limits or rules

Make few demands

Allow children to freely express themselves

Rarely punish

30
Q

Neglectful parenting style

A

Parents do not show positive affection

Show little interest in children

Meet only the basic needs of children

Rarely set limits or enforce rules

31
Q

Moral development

A

Changes in beliefs about right and wrong behaviors

32
Q

Lawrence Kohlberg

A

Psychologist that is best known for researching moral development

33
Q

Pre-conventional stage

A

Moral decisions are based on self interest

34
Q

Conventional stage

A

Moral decisions are based on society’s expectations and laws

35
Q

Post-conventional stage

A

Moral decisions are based on higher principles

Psychology (8 decks)

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