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CNS Final > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q 
What receptor is found at the muscle tendon junction?
A. Muscle Spindle
B. Golgi Tendon Organ
C. Free Nerve Ending
D. Pacinnian Corpuscle
A

B: Golgi Tendon organ.

It measures force of contraction/protects muscle from excess contraction and therefore causes (-) feedback. It also excites the antagonistic muscle.

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2
Q 
A bundle of fibers that form a specific tract may also be called a \_\_\_\_\_\_.
A. Funiculus
B. Nucleus
C. Fasciculus
D. Gyrus
A

C. Fasiculus=tract

Funiculus=area of white matter
Gyrus=Ridge
Nucleus=group of neurons

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3
Q

In general, ganglia are found in the ____, while groups of neurons in the ____ are called nuclei

A

Ganglia are found in the PNS while groups of neurons in the CNS are called nuclei

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4
Q 
Which region of the neural plate forms the peripheral nervous system?
A. Neural crest
B. Neural Tube
C. Neural fold
D. Neural Groove
A

A. Neural Crest

Recall that notochord>neural plate>neural groove>neural fold>peak of neural fold=neural crest.
Neural folds come together to form neural tube. Neural crests pinch off.
The tube forms the CNS
The crests form the PNS

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5
Q 
Which classification of fibers joins one part of the cerebral cortex to another part within the same hemisphere?
A. Association
B. Projection
C. Commissural
D. Cotton
A

A-Association
Has two subdivisions: Long (one lobe to another) and short (within the same lobe)
Example: superior longitudinal fasciculus or arcuate fasciculus (both from frontal to temporal)

Projection=projects out. An example is corticospinal… The fibers start at the cortex, go to thalamus and hypothalamus and then spinal cord.

Commissural=Go from one hemisphere to the other. An example is corpus callosum (or medium & large pyramids)

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6
Q

The filum terminale is remnant of what material?

A. Gray Matter
B. Dura Mater
C. Arachnoid Mater
D. Pia Mater

A

Pia Mater - Pia continues beyond L2 vetebral level and forms filum terminale. It fuses with dura of the dural sac and continues as coccygeal ligament AKA filum terminale externa. Elongated roots are cauda equine.

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7
Q

Somatosensory cortex is also called the ___ gyrus.

A. Precentral
B. Lingual
C. Postcentral
D. Transverse temporal

A

Postcentral

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8
Q

Which cranial nerve makes the border between basilar pons and middle cerebral peduncle?

A. CN I
B. CN III
C. CN IV
D. CN V

A

CN V

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9
Q 
Which is a primary brain vesicle?
A. Diencephalon
B. Myelencephalon
C. Telencephalon
D. Rhombencephalon
A

Rhombencephalon

Primary vesicles include: Prosencephalon (forebrain)
Mesencephalon (midbrain)
Rhombencephalon (hindbrain)

Secondary vesicles (5th-6th week)
Telencephalon
Diencephalon
Mesencephalon (its both)
Metencephalon
Myelencephalon
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10
Q

Motor neurons within the ventral horns are examples of what type of neurons?

A. Unipolar
B. Multipolar
C. Bipolar
D. Polypolar

A

Multipolar
-Most typical

Bipolar=retinal, cochlear and vestibular. Normally associated with sensory. Also interneurons

Pseudounipolar AKA unipolar=DRG, trigeminal ganglion. Modified bipolar neurons

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11
Q 
What is the most rostral part of the CNS?
A. Spinal ganglion
B. Autonomic ganglion
C. Spinal Cord
D. Brain
A

Brain

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12
Q

All of the following are characteristic of a synapse except_____

A. Receptors are located in postsynaptic bulb
B. Vesicles containing NT travel through the presynaptic axon
C. There’s a space between two membranes called a synaptic cleft
D. Synapses only occur at the presynaptic axon & postsynaptic dendrite

A

D. Synapses only occur at the presynaptic axon and postsynaptic dendrite

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13
Q

The connection between most neurons in the mammalian NS is _____

A. The synapse
B. The syncitium
C. A gap junction
D. An initial segment

A

The synapse

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14
Q

Which axons leave the spinal cord in the ventral root?

A. Somatic sensory
B. Visceral afferent
C. Somatic motor
D. Postganglionic sympathetic

A

Somatic motor

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15
Q

All of the neurons in the adult are descendants of cells of the embryonic _____

A. Neural tube
B. Ectoderm
C. Neural Crest
D. Mesoderm

A

Ectoderm
(It forms hair, skin and NS)

  • Mesoderm forms muscles, CT and bones
  • Neural tube forms CNS
  • Neural crest forms PNS
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16
Q

Which of the embryonic brain vesicles contain cells which eventually become the neurons of the cerebral cortex?

A. Diencephalon
B. Mesencephalon
C. Telencephalon
D. Rhombencephalon

A

Telencephalon
»cerebrum, underlying basal ganglia & white matter

Diencephalon»thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus… All things thalamus (motor & limbic)

Mesencephalon AKA midbrain»cerebral peduncles, aqueduct, tectum

Rhombencephalon=Hindbrain
Made up metencephalon (pons+cerebellum) and Medulla (aka myelencephalon)

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17
Q

The medulla is the adult derivative of the _____

A. Telecephalon
B. Diencephalon
C. Myelencephalon
D. Metencephalon

A

Myelencephalon

Telecephalon=cerebrum, basal ganglia, white matter
Diencephalon=thalamus
Metencephalon=Pons+Cerebellum

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18
Q

The main bundle of fibers that connects cerebral hemispheres to the brainstem and spinal cord are called the crus cerebri or the _____

A. Superior cerebellar peduncles
B. Medial lemniscus
C. Corpus Callosum
D. Cerebral Peduncles

A

Cerebral peduncle is the AKA for crus cerebri.

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19
Q

How many neurons participate in stretch reflex such as a knee-jerk reflex?

A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4

A

2

An outside force causes the stretch. It pushes in on the tendon and pulls the muscle with it. This stretches the muscle. The receptor for the spindle feels stretch and sends a message to alpha motor neurons via spinal cord. Alpha motor neuron goes back to muscle causing it to contract. (monosynaptic»excitatory)
Simultaneously, a signal goes to the antagonistic muscle and its interneuron-shuts off antagonistic side (polysynaptic/disynaptic»inhibitory)

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20
Q

What cortical layer contains Betz cells?

A. Molecular
B. Inner grandule
C. Fusiform
D. Inner pyramidal

A

Inner pyramidal

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21
Q

Which is not a symptom of spinal nerve root compression?

A. Pain in muscles
B. Ptosis
C. Loss of tendon reflex
D. Motor weakness

A

Ptosis (drooping of the upper eyelid)

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22
Q

In the cerebral hemispheres, inferior and ____ are the same direction.

A. Superior
B. Posterior
C. Rostral
D. Ventral

A

Ventral

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23
Q

The PNS_____

A. Includes the spinal cord
B. Includes cranial nerves
C. Is sheathed in fluid-filled spaces
D. Is surrounded by bones

A

Includes the cranial nerves (12)

And spinal nerves (31 pair)

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24
Q

The brain flexure that develops between metencephalon and myelencephalon is the ____ flexure

A. midbrain
B. cervical
C. pontine
D. cephalic

A

Pontine

Pontine flexure (bend in brain) is a secondary flexure that develops at the end of the 4th/beginning of 5th week
AKA Rhomboid Fossa
-between pons/cerebellum and medulla

Cervical and cephalic flexures are primary flexures-develop early in the 4th week

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25
Q

Alpha motor neurons innervate ______.

A. Intrafusal muscle fibers
B. Golgi tendon organs
C. Extrafusal muscle fibers
D. Intervertebral discs

A

Extrafusal muscle fibers

Extrafusal muscle fibers are outside of the spindle.

-Intrafusal muscle fibers are innervated by gamma motor neurons. They’ll have afferent or sensory fibers

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26
Q

A recurrent branch of the spinal nerve innervates all of the following except:

A. Skin of the back
B. Intervertebral discs
C. Meninges
D. Posterior longitudinal ligament

A

Skin of the back

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27
Q

Match neuron with its location. Answers can be used once, more than once, or not at all.

  1. Spinal ganglion
  2. vestibular ganglion
  3. outer pyramidal layer of cortex
  4. dorsal root ganglion
  5. inner granule layer of cortex

A. unipolar/pseudounipolar
B. bipolar
C. multipolar

A
  1. C
  2. B (bipolar=sensory)
  3. C
  4. A
  5. C
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28
Q

What cell types are found in the cerebral cortex? (more than one answer)

A. Pyramidal
B. Stellate
C. Bipolar
D. Purkinje

A

Pyramidal, Stellate & Bipolar

Stellate are INTERNEURONS that affect other neurons. Spiny are excitatory and smooth are inhibitory.

Pyramidal are numerous. They’re excitatory. Have an apical dendrite and axon.

Bipolar are spindle-shaped. They’re excitatory or inhibiting based on the transmitter or destination

Purkinje are found in cerebellum

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29
Q

Why are the spinal cord and vertebral column different lengths? (more than one answer)

A. Rapid growth of vertebrae
B. Spinal cord shrinks during growth
C. Caudal part of spinal cord degenerated
D. They’re actually the same length

A

Rapid growth of vertebrae (A) AND Caudal part of the spinal cord degenerated (C)

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30
Q

What structure(s) ends at vertebral level S2? (more than one answer)

A. Spinal Cord
B. Filum terminale
C. Coccygeal ligament
D. Dural Sac

A

Filum Terminale & Dural Sac

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31
Q

Filum terminale is compsed of ______ (more than one answer may be correct)

A. Arachnoid membrane
B. Dura mater
C. Periosteum of sacrum
D. Pia Mater

A

Pia Mater

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32
Q

Match lobe with its function.

  1. Emotion
  2. Hearing
  3. Motor
  4. Somatosensory
  5. Vision
A. Frontal
B. Parietal
C. Occipital
D. Temporal
E. Limbic
A
  1. Emotion=limbic (E)
  2. Hearing=temporal (D)
  3. Motor=Frontal (A)
  4. Somatosensory=parietal (B)
  5. Vision=occipital (C)
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33
Q

Match the secondary brain vesicle with its neural derivative

  1. Cerebral hemisphere
  2. Cerebellum
  3. Medulla
  4. Pons
  5. Thalamus
A. Diencephalon
B. Mesencephalon
C. Metencephalon
D. Myelencephalon
E. Telecephalon
A
  1. E
  2. C
  3. D
  4. C
  5. A
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34
Q

Match glial cell with its function. Answer can be used once, more than once, or not at all.

  1. Myelinates peripheral nervous system
  2. Line ventricles, secrete cerebral spinal fluid
  3. mechanical and metabolic support, response to injury
  4. phagocytosis
  5. Myelinates the CNS
A. astrocyte
B. Ependymal cell
C. Microglia
D. Oligodendrocyte
E. Schwann Cell
A
  1. E
  2. B
  3. A
  4. C
  5. D
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35
Q

What structures are typically found in a neuron?

A. Axon
B. Rough ER
C. Dendrite
D. Golgi apparatus
E. All of the above
A

E. All of the above

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36
Q

The conus medularis of the spinal cord ends at what vertebral level?

A. 2nd Lumbar
B. 2nd Sacral
C. 5th Lumbar
D. 1st coccygeal

A

A-2nd Lumbar

37
Q

What connects lateral ventricle to third ventricle?

A. Interventricular foramen
B. Cerebral Aqueduct
C. Foramen of Magendie (median aperture)
D. Foramen of Luschka (lateral aperture)

A

A. Interventricular foramen

38
Q

How soon after conception does the NS begin to develop?

A. 3 weeks
B. 4 weeks
C. 5 weeks
D. 6 weeks

A

A. 3 weeks

39
Q

What germ layer does the NS develop from?

A. Endoderm
B. Ectoderm
C. Mesoderm
D. Mesenchyme

A

Ectoderm

40
Q

What bundles of fibers connect Broca’s area to Wernicke’s?

A. Corpus callosum
B. Internal capsule
C. Arcuate Fibers
D. Superior longitudinal fasciculus

A

C. Arcuate Fibers

Broca’s Area=Speech
Know what to say but can’t get the words out
@ Pars triangularis and Pars opercularis
A problem with Broca’s=problem with Wernicke’s
Wernicke’s conceptualizes what’s heard… You know what to say but write or say the wrong thing

41
Q

At what layer are the stem cells of the developing spinal cord located?

A. Ventricular zone
B. Intermediate zone
C. Marginal Zone
D. ??

A

A. Ventricular zone
It’s the innermost zone. It contains immature cell, germ cell & stem cell. They multiply but aren’t specific.

Intermediate zone=older, innermost zone cell gets pushed out. Cell specifies as neuroblast»nerve cell or glioblast»oligodendrocyte, astrocyte or ependymal cell

Marginal zone=outer zone
Older intermediate zone gets pushed out. Become mature cells and migrate to proper place

42
Q

What is the most common type of synapse?

A. Axoaxonic
B. Axosomatic
C. Axodendritic
D. Dendrodendritic

A

C. Axodendritic

Axosomatic is 2nd most common

43
Q

In the spinal cord, sensory structures are ____, but in the brainstem they’re ____.

A. ventral/lateral
B. Dorsal/lateral
C. Ventral/medial
D. Dorsal/medial

A

B. Dorsal/lateral

Motor are ventral in spinal cord and medial in the midbrain

44
Q

What’s the most rostral part of the CNS?

A

Brain

45
Q

What makes up the largest part of the human brain?

A. Metencephalon
B. Mesencephalon
C. Diencephalon
D. Telencephalon

A

D. Telencephalon (cerebrum & basal ganglia)

Diencephalon=thalamus
Metencephalon=cerebellum/pons
Mesencephalon=midbrain

46
Q

The connection between most neurons in the mammalian NS is ____.

A. Synapse
B. Syncitium
C. Gap junction
D. Initial sigment

A

A. the synapse

47
Q

The cerebral cortex can have up to ____ lamina (layers).

A. 6
B. 18
C. 12
D. 24

A

A. 6 layers
(5-6 layers)

Cortex is divided into 3 layers:
Archycortex=oldest
»hippocampus & parahypocampus gyrus (3 layers)

Paleocortex=olfactory system
4-5 layers

Neocortex = most of cerebrum
6 layers

48
Q

What is a tract?

A. Bundle of fibers in the CNS
B. Long narrow arrangement of neuronal cell bodies in the brain/spinal cord
C. Tube containing CSF
D. Principal cytoplasmic process of a neuron

A

A. Bundle of fibers in the CNS

49
Q

What flexure forms the Rhomboid Fossa?

A. Cervical
B. Cephalic
C. Caudal
D. Pontine

A

D. Pontine
Secondary flexure (occur at end of 4th/start of 5th week)
Located on dorsal side and starts to form 4th ventricle
Between pons/medulla & cerebellum

Flexure=bend in the brain
Cervical: spinal cord-medulla
Cephalic: Prosencephalon-midbrain
---Both are primary flexures and are located on the anterior (ventral) side 
Caudal: not one
50
Q

What cranial nerve exits the brainstem between the olive and pyramid?

A. Abducens
B. Vagus
C. Vestibulocochlear
D. Hypoglossal

A

D. Hypoglossal

GSE
Moves the tongue but has NOTHING to do with taste
-supplies Hyoglossus muscle

51
Q

Most of the cerebral cortex is hidden within the cortical sulci. True or false?

A

True

52
Q

Neurotransmitters reach the terminal ends of an axon by anterograde transport. True or false?

A

True.

Anterograde=down the axon to endings called bouton
Retrograde=back up the axon

53
Q

Somatosensory information from skin, bone muscles and joints are integrated in the frontal lobe. True or false?

A

False.

They’re integrated in the PARIETAL lobe.

54
Q

A lesion in Broca’s area leads to a type of aphasia in which the patient is unable to communicate by writing words (nonfluent aphasia). True or false?

A

False.
Lesion in Broca’s area leads to stuttering… Patient knows what he or she wants to say but can’t get the words out.
»Lesion in Wernicke’s would make the patient unable to communicate by writing words.

55
Q

The bipolar neuron is the most common type of neuron found in the CNS. True or false?

A

False.

Multipolar neurons are most common.

56
Q

Glial cells are more numerous than neurons. True or false?

A

True.

Think of neuroglia as the batter for a cookie and the neurons as the chocolate chips.

57
Q

Afferent fibers are always sensory. True or false?

A

True

58
Q

Having a steel rod between frontal lobe will not affect the patient’s personality. True or false?

A

False

59
Q

Association fibers join the left and ride sides of the cerebrum. True or false.

A

False
Association fibers join one part of the cerebral cortex to another part within the same hemisphere.

Commissural go from one hemisphere to the other

60
Q

The cerebral cortex is arranged into lamina that are functionally related. True or false

A

True

61
Q

Match adult structure with primary brain vesicle. Answers can be used more than once, once, or not at all.

  1. Spinal Cord
  2. Cerebrum
  3. Medulla
  4. Pons
  5. Metathalamus

A. Prosencephalon
B. Mesencephalon
C. Rhombencephalon
D. None of the above

A
  1. C (D?)
  2. A
  3. C
  4. C
  5. D

Metathalamus is with thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, etc. in the telencephalon

62
Q

Which of the following helps protect spinal cord, but not the brain?

A. Dura mater
B. Fat
C. CSF
D. Bone

A

B. Fat

Spinal cord is surrounded by epidural fat.

63
Q

the ANS contains:

A. CNS
B. PNS
C. Both
D. Neither

A

C. Both

64
Q 
What forms the walls of the central canal?
A. Spinal cord
B. Diencephalon
C. Midbrain
D. Telecephalon
A

A. Spinal cord

65
Q

The pontocerebellum (neocerebellum) controls ___ movement.

A. Fast
B. Gross
C. Slow
D. Fine

A

Fine.

Cerebellum is separated into 3 lobules:
1.Vestibulocerebellum AKA archicerebellum AKA flocculonodular lobe»proprioception

  1. Pontocerebellum AKA neocerebellum. Makes intricate/fine movements smooth (i.e., writing). Dentate nucleus.
  2. Spinocerebellum AKA paleocerebellum. Makes GROSS movements smooth (i.e., jumping)
66
Q

The spinocerebellum (paleocerebellum) controls ____ movement.

A. Fast
B. Gross
C. Slow
D. Fine

A

Gross

Cerebellum is separated into 3 lobules:
1.Vestibulocerebellum AKA archicerebellum AKA flocculonodular lobe»proprioception

  1. Pontocerebellum AKA neocerebellum. Makes intricate movements smooth (i.e., writing). Dentate nucleus.
  2. Spinocerebellum AKA paleocerebellum. Makes gross movements smooth (i.e., jumping)
67
Q

Mossy cell fibers are primarily ______ in function.

A. Neutral
B. Excitatory
C. Inhibitory
D. None of the above

A

Excitatory

Mossy cells are fiber type found in cerebellum’s molecular layer.
They have a mossy like appearance due to their expansions. They go to granular cells and come from paracerebullar nuclei

68
Q

The purkinje cell is primarily _____ in function.

A. neutral
B. excitatory
C. inhibitory
D. none of the above

A

Inhibitory

Found in cerebellum’s piriform AKA Purkinje cell AKA middle layer. They’re a large cell body and projection/output neurons. Go from cortex to cerebellar nuclei below cortex or simply leave cerebellum.

69
Q

Unchecked motor control due to lack of Dopamine production presents symptoms of:

A. Addison’s disease
B. Parkinson’s Disease
C. Dementia Disease
D. Circle of Willis disease

A

Parkinsons Disease

#1 basal ganglia disorder 
Constant symptoms & no known cure. It's a dopamine related problem. Have a hard time beginning to move & stopping movement once they've started
70
Q

Which NT causes excitation (stimulation) in the motor circuit of cortex?

A. GABA
B. Epinephrine
C. Glutamine
D. Dopamine

A

Glutamine

GABA - inhibitory
Dopamine - motivation (makes adrenaline). Found in decision making.

71
Q

What NT causes inhibition in the motor circuit of the cortex?

A. Epinephrine
B. Norepinephrine
C. GABA
D. Serotonin

A

GABA

Serotonin - awareness/attention. Mood and decreased pain

72
Q

The _____ nucleus is necessary for pupillary light reflex.

A. pretectal
B. trochlear
C. oculomotor
D. superior colliculus

A

Pretectal

Involved with pupillary light reflex and accommodation

73
Q

Which of the following functions is associated with inferior colliculus?

A. Vision
B. Hearing
C. Taste
D. Smell

A

Hearing

Superior colliculus is involved with head movement when we see something out of the corner of our eye.

74
Q

The anterolateral system is concerned with ____ functional components?

A. GVE
B. GSE
C. GVA
D. GSA

A

GSA

Anterolateral system consists of:
Spinothalamic tract
Spinotectal tract
Spinoolivary
Spinoreticular

Its function: Pain, temp, crude touch.

75
Q

Which of the following tracts is concerned with sensation of pain & temperature?

A. Trigimenothalamic
B. Fasciculus cuneatus
C. Spinothalamic
D. Spino-olivary

A

Spinothalamic

Laterally:
Noxious»pain
Thermal»temp

Anterior:
Light Touch

Spinoolivary function:
(more important) proprioception & cutaneous
It’s how the body responds to small changes in movement

Trigeminothalamic tract:
Tract that connects trigeminal nuclei to thalamus

76
Q

Dorsal nucleus of clark is located within lamina ___

A. II
B. VII
C. V
D. VIII

A

VII

AKA dorsal thoracic nucleus
It’s a medial circle of gray matter between T1/T2.

77
Q

The greatest diameter of the lumbar enlargement is at vertebral level ___

T12
S1
L3
L5

A

T12

78
Q

Spinal cord segments _____ form the cervical enlargement.

C1-C4
C5-C7
C4-T5
C5-T1

A

C5-T1

79
Q

All of the following are true of the ventral posterolateral nucleus except:

A. Receives impulse from medial lemniscus
B. Receives impulse from spinothalamic tract
C. Is part of controlateral pathway
D. Projects to cingulate gyrus

A

D. Projects to cingulate gyrus

Ventral Posterolateral nucleus: Relay class. Originates spinothalamic and terminates into sensory cortex. Function: trunk and limbs

80
Q

The globus pallidus is separated from the ___ by the anterior limb of the internal capsule.

A. Insula
B. Lateral ventricle
C. Thalamus
D. Caudate nucleus

A

D. caudate nucleus

81
Q

Muscle tone is a primary function of which cerebellar lobe?

A. Cerebrocerebellum
B. Neocrebellum
C. Vestibulocerebellum
D. Spinocerebellum

A

Spinocerebellum

Lobe of cerebellum. AKA paleocerebellum
Makes gross movements smooth (i.e., jumping)

82
Q

The circuit for explained emotion is the ___ and is involved with the limbic system.

A. Jaques circuit
B. Obligatory circuit
C. Monroe’s circuit
D. Papez circuit

A

Papez circuit

It’s a developed circuit explaining brain function in feeling emotion.
CIrcuit:
Cingulate gyrus projects to hippocampal formation»mammillary bodies via fornix»anterior nucleus of thalamus via mammillothalamic tract»back to cingulate gyrus.

83
Q

The motor cortex contains both primary and supplementary motor areas. True or false.

A

True

Primary motor field is located in the precentral gyrus.

84
Q

At what level does the pathway for pain and temperature sensation for the lower limbs cross the midline?

A

Lumbosacral spinal cord

85
Q

Only the ____ axon extends outside the central cortex

A

Purkinje axon

86
Q

Disrupting the cholinergic input to the hippocampal formation causes:

A

Problems with memory (lists of things)

87
Q

What structure in the brain, if implanted with electrodes/stimulated would give pleasure?

A. Septal area
B. Pons
C. Amygdala
D. Broca’s area

A

Septal Area

Its job is positive reinforcement. It’s a pleasure center and strengthens memory by reinforcing it with pleasurable sensation

(Afferents) Amygdala, Hippocampus, Brainstem and Olfactory all project to the septal area.
(Efferents) To hypothalamus (for motivation), brainstem, and hippocampus.

It’s a cholinergic supply to hippocampus and increases memory.

88
Q 
Which artery is the biggest branch off the internal carotid?
A. Posterior cerebral
B. Middle cerebral
C. Anterior Cerebral
D. Basilar
A

B. Middle Cerebral

CNS Final (3 decks)

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