Chapter 9 - Respiration

Question 0

The most efficient catabolic pathway in which oxygen is conservative as a reactant along with organic fuel

Answer 0

Aerobic respiration

Question 1

Partial degradation of sugars or other organic fuel that occurs without the use of oxygen

Answer 1

Fermentation

Question 2

Catabolic pathways of aerobic and anaerobic respiration which break down organic molecules and use an electron transport chain for the production of ATP

Answer 2

Cellular respiration

Question 3

A chemical reaction involving the complete or partial transfer of one or more electrons from one reactant to another (reduction-oxidation)

Answer 3

Redox reaction

Question 4

Loss of electrons from one substance

Answer 4

Oxidation

Question 5

Gain of electrons to a substance

Answer 5

Reduction

Question 6

Electron donor

Answer 6

Reducing agent

Question 7

Electron acceptor

Answer 7

Oxidizing agent

Question 8

A coenzyme that cycles easily between oxidized (NAD+) and reduced (NADH) states, thus acts as an electron carrier

Answer 8

NAD+

Question 9

Consists of a number of molecules (mostly proteins) built into the inner membrane of eukaryotic cells’ mitochondria (and plasma membrane of prokaryotes); it breaks the fall of electrons to oxygen into severs energy-releasing steps

Answer 9

Electron transport chain

Question 10

Occurs in cytosol; begins degradation process by breaking glucose into two molecules of pyruvate

Answer 10

Glycolysis

Question 11

Chemical cycle with 8 steps that completes the metabolic breakdown of glucose molecules begun in glycolysis by oxidizing acetyl CoA to CO2; occurs in mitochondria of eukaryotes and cytosol of prokaryotes

Answer 11

Citric Acid Cycle

Question 12

ATP production using energy derived from the redox reactions of an electron transport chain

Answer 12

Oxidative Phosphorylation/Electron Transport System

Question 13

Enzyme-catalyzed formation of ATP by direct transfer of a phosphate group to ADP from an intermediate substrate in catabolism

Answer 13

Substrate-level phosphorylation

Question 14

Entry compound for the citric acid cycle in cellular respiration formed from two-carbon fragment of pyruvate attached to a coenzyme

Answer 14

Acetyl CoA

Question 15

An iron-containing protein that is a component of electron transport chains in the mitochondria and chloroplasts of eukaryotic cells and the plasma membrane of prokaryotes

Answer 15

Cytochromes

Question 16

Enzyme that makes ATP from ADP and Pi; works like an ion pump running in reverse (uses the energy of an existing ion to power ATP synthesis)

Answer 16

ATP synthase

Question 17

Process in which energy stored in the form of a hydrogen ion gradient across a membrane is used to drive cellular work (such as ATP synthesis)

Answer 17

Chemiosmosis

Question 18

Potential energy stored in the form of a proton electro chemical gradient, generated by the pumping of H+ ions across a biological membrane during chemiosmosis

Answer 18

Proton motive force

Question 19

Pyruvate is converted to ethanol by releasing CO2 from pyruvate, which is converted to the 2-carbon compound acetylaldehyde. Then acetylaldehyde is reduced by NADH to ethanol. This regenerates the supply of NAD+ needed for glycolysis continuation

Answer 19

Alcohol fermentation

Question 20

Pyruvate is reduced directly by NADH to form lactate as an end product with no release of CO2

Answer 20

Lactic acid fermentation

Question 21

Organisms that cannot survive in the presence of oxygen; carry out only fermentation or anaerobic respiration

Answer 21

Obligate anaerobes

Question 22

Organisms (like yeast and bacteria) that can make enough ATP to survive using either fermentation or respiration (ex: our muscle cells)

Answer 22

Facultative anaerobes

Question 23

A metabolic sequence that breaks fatty acids down to 2-carbon fragments that enter the citric acid cycle as CoA. Also generates NADH and FADH2 which can enter the electron transport chain and lead to further ATP production

Answer 23

Beta oxidation

Question 24

Glycolysis Inputs/Outputs

Answer 24

Inputs: 1 Glucose, 2 ATP, 2 NAD+
Outputs: 2 Pyruvate, 4 ATP, 2 NADH

Question 25

Oxidation of Pyruvate Inputs/Outputs

Answer 25

Inputs: 2 Pyruvate, 2 NAD+, CoA
Outputs: 2 Acetyl CoA, 2 CO2, 2 NADH

Question 26

Citric Acid Cycle Inputs/Outputs

Answer 26

Inputs: 2 Acetyl CoA, 2 ADP + Pi, 6 NAD+, 2 FAD
Outputs: 4 CO2, 2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2

Question 27

Electron Transport System Inputs/Outputs

Answer 27

Inputs: 10 NADH, 2 FADH2, 30 ADP + 30 Pi + O2
Outputs: 10 NAD+, 2 FAD, 30 ATP + H2O