MCP 6

Question 0

folate deficiency

Answer 0

B9. neural tube defects in newborns of deficient mothers, macrocytic anemia, hyperhomocysteinemia (cardiovascular risk).

susceptible groups are pregnant women, elderly, alcoholics, patients with long term drug treatments, genetic polymorphisms in folate metabolism

Question 1

folate function

Answer 1

vitamin B9. precursor of tetrahydrofolate, coenzyme involved in generating precursors for DNA and protein synth.

Question 2

cobalamin function

Answer 2

B12. coenzyme in methionine synthesis and in conversion of methylmalonyl CoA to succinyl CoA. needed in folate metabolism

Question 3

cobalamin deficiency

Answer 3

Pernicious anemia (megaloblastic anemia with demyelination). susceptible groups are the elderly, patients with malabsorption diseases, long-term vegetarians

Question 4

minerals

Answer 4

inorganic compounds critical for human physiology. many minerals are enzyme cofactors, but can play roles on their own. categorized as macrominerals and microminerals based on level required. often work in parallel with vitamins

Question 5

macrominerals

Answer 5

potassium, sodium, chloride, calcium, phosphorus, sulfur, magnesium. need >100-200 mg a day

Question 6

microminerals

Answer 6

iron, copper, zinc, chromium, iodine, manganese, selenium, molybdenum, fluoride, boron. need less than 100 mg a day

Question 7

calcium function

Answer 7

major bone component. used in signaling, coagulation, muscle contraction, and neurotransmission

Question 8

calcium deficiency

Answer 8

mild: muscle cramps, osteoporosis. severe: rickets.

susceptible groups are children, adult women, and elderly

Question 9

osteoporosis

Answer 9

porous bone due to lack of calcium.

Question 10

magnesium functions

Answer 10

essential for many enzymes using MgATP as a substrate. present at high levels in bone

Question 11

magnesium deficiency

Answer 11

weakness, tremors, cardiac arrhythmia. susceptible groups are alcoholics, patients taking diuretics, or experiencing severe vomiting and diarrhea

Question 12

phosphorous function

Answer 12

mostly present in phosphates. major component of bone. constituent of nucleic acids, membrane lipids, required in all energy producing reactions

Question 13

phosphorous deficiency

Answer 13

rare: can result in rickets, muscle weakness and breakdown, seizures. quite abundant in the food supply so it is tough to get a deficiency

Question 14

iron function

Answer 14

O2/CO2 transport in hemoglobin. oxidative phosphorylation. cofactor in several nonheme iron proteins and cytochromes.

Question 15

iron deficiency

Answer 15

microcytic hypochromic anemia, decreased immunity. susceptible groups are children and menstruating women, pregnant women, and the elderly

Question 16

iron toxicity: long term and acute

Answer 16

long term: Hemochromatosis. iron overload leads to iron deposits in tissues. leads to compromised liver, pancreatic and cardiac function. can lead to lactic acidosis

acute: iron overdose in children. most common cause of death dur to toxicity in kids under 6. comes from consumption of adult iron supplements

Question 17

copper function

Answer 17

assists iron absorption through ceruloplasmin. cofactor for enzymes required in collagen synthesis, fatty acid metabolism, and elimination of reactive oxygen species

Question 18

copper deficiency

Answer 18

rare. symptoms include anemia, hypercholesterolemia, fragility of large arteries, bone demineralization, demyelination. susceptible patients are those with genetic disease Menkes’ syndrome, or consuming excessive zinc

Question 19

menkes’ disease

Answer 19

copper deficiency disorder that comes from inherited mutations in a Cu-transporting ATPase.

Question 20

wilson’s disease

Answer 20

result of mutations in a transporter closely related to the ATP7A transporter associated with menkes’ disease. however, the symptoms of wilson’s disease arise from toxicity due to copper overload rather than copper deficiency.

Question 21

zinc function

Answer 21

cofactor for over 300 metalloenzymes. plays a structural role in many proteins (zinc fingers)

Question 22

zinc deficiency

Answer 22

poor wound healing, dematitis, reduced taste, poor growth, impaired sexual development. susceptible groups are alcoholics, elderly, people with malabsorption or kidney disease

Question 23

chromium function

Answer 23

component of chromodulin. facilitates insulin binding to its receptor

Question 24

chromium deficiency

Answer 24

impaired glucose tolerance (from reduced insulin effectiveness). susceptible populations include those with impaired glucose tolerance but Cr3 hasnt yet proven helpful in treatment of type II diabetes

Question 25

iodine function

Answer 25

incorporated into triiodothyronine T3 and thyroxine T4. regulates basal metabolic rate

Question 26

iodine deficiency

Answer 26

goiter: enlarged thyroid gland. hyper or hypothyroidism

Question 27

selenium function

Answer 27

component of antioxidant enzymes. component of deiodinase enzymes involved in T3 and T4 metabolism

Question 28

selenium deficiency

Answer 28

Keshan disease. cardiomyopathy and cretinism. areas with little selenium in the soil are susceptible