week 11 lecture 2

Question 1

chagas disease is spread by

Answer 1

widespread vectors infected with trypanosoma cruzi

Question 2

chagas disease exposes

Answer 2

canine exposure and disease

Question 3

what percentage of emerging infectious diseases originate in wildife

Answer 3

71.8%

Question 4

Eco-epidemiology

Answer 4

studying pathogens and diseases in populations and communities, as they relate to the environment

Question 5

eco-epidemiology includes

Answer 5

ecological determinants of patters on disease
zoonotic pathogen maintenance and transmission
vector-borne diseases
biological invasions ofmedical importance
wildlife as sentinels for human disease emergence
conservation medicine

Question 6

the epidemiologic triad

Answer 6

an external agent
a susceptible host
an environment that brings the host and agent together for disease to occur

Question 7

many human actions influence

Answer 7

disease emergence

Question 8

trends in one health of workforce needs

Answer 8

wildlife, ecosystems, and global food security

Question 9

specific call for veterinarians to be trained in

Answer 9

food safety, public health, epidemiology

research, academics

Question 10

vectors, hosts, and pathogens are commonly tied to

Answer 10

the lanscape as environmental determinants control their disribution and abundance

Question 11

new disciplines include

Answer 11

medical/health geography
landscape pathology
landscape epidemiology
pathogenic landscapes

Question 12

analytical tools to quantify the associations between features of the environment and disease

Answer 12

human cases
animal cases
acarological risk

Question 13

what is a nidus

Answer 13

a nest; a point of origin; the nucleus of a disease process; point of origin of a morbid process

Question 14

geographic information systems ((GIS)

Answer 14

software for data capturing, managing, analyzing, and displaying geographically referenced information;
data layers

Question 15

GIS very useful in

Answer 15

assessing patterns of disease on teh landscape

Question 16

triatomine species occurrence

Answer 16

x

Question 17

environmental parameters

Answer 17

temp, precip, elevation

Question 18

ecological and incidence based risk

Answer 18

x

Question 19

epidemiological models are tools used to

Answer 19

describe patterns of diseaes in populations

Question 20

field research used to

Answer 20

quantify parameters

Question 21

models synthesize

Answer 21

empirical data

Question 22

run simulations to learn about

Answer 22

the dynamics of a disease system

Question 23

test specific hypotheses by adjusting

Answer 23

parameters

Question 24

epidemiological modeling

Answer 24

susceptible; infectious; recovered

Question 25

recently, there are many claims that biodiversity can serve to

Answer 25

reduce zoonotic risk

“exacerbation of the global burden of disease by biodiversity loss”

Question 26

biodiversity =

Answer 26

species richness + evenness

Question 27

wasted bites

Answer 27

from pathogen perspective, any feeding activity by the vector on incompetent hosts

Question 28

community disassembly

Answer 28

the sequence with which species are lost from a community

Question 29

lyme disease is increased when

Answer 29

under some circumstances when biodiversity is lost from a community, leaving behind competent hosts

Question 30

zooprophylaxis

Answer 30

active/passive use of animals to divert vector bites away from humans

Question 31

zoopotentiation

Answer 31

as the number of animals increases, imporved availability of blood meals may increse mosquito survival therby countering the impact of diverting feeds

Question 32

how might fragmentation alter vector-borne disease risk

Answer 32

increased contact with humans

alters host community

Question 33

invasive species and disease risk

Answer 33

nonnative species that spread rapidly
significant threat to native biodiversity
field of ecology has recently begun to address consequences of invasions for disease risk

Question 34

consequences of invasions

Answer 34

alter distribution, abundance, and diversity of hosts for infectious agents;
alter abiotic features of the local environment, which can influence vector survival rates and transmission rates of pathogens

Question 35

how might climate change affect the incidence of diseases

Answer 35

geographic distribution (range shifts)
population density (increased production)
prevalence of infection by zoonotic pathogens (increased contact with hosts)
pathogen load in individual hosts and vectors (increased dissemination rates)