Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Disease Epidemiology > Communicable Diseases > Flashcards

Communicable Diseases Flashcards

0
Q

Describe epidemiology and control of shigella

A
  1. Clinical- dysentery
  2. Agent- bacteria, faecal culture
  3. Occurrence- travel/children/msm
  4. Reservoir- man
  5. Mode of transmission- faecal-oral, food (1994 iceberg lettuce)
  6. Incubation- approx 12hrs
  7. Communicability- low infective dose, in stool for 2-4wks
  8. Susceptibility - immunity post infection
  9. Control- ref to gastro infections reference unit, tx with cipro, hygiene and isolation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

Describe epidemiology and control of salmonella

A
  1. Clinical- gastroenteritis outbreaks
  2. Agent and diagnosis- bacteria,blood/stool culture
  3. Occurrence in uk- one of commonest causes of food poisoning
  4. Reservoir- chicken/ cattle/ pigs/ reptiles
  5. Mode of transmission- ingestion/ faecal oral
  6. Incubation - 6hrs to 3 days
  7. Communicability-few days to a year!
  8. Susceptibility and resistance-partial immunity through infection. Usual at risk groups
  9. Control (PIDQuICS)- report to eFOSS,’farm to fork’ strategy,use HACCP, hygiene
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Describe epidemiology and control of campylobacter

A
  1. Clinical- commonest cause of infectious GI disease in developed countries
  2. Agent- c jejuni and c coli bacteria. Culture poo
  3. Occurrence- peak in spring
  4. Reservoir- poultry, milk, water
  5. Mode- ingestion
  6. Incubation- 2 to 5 days
  7. Communicability- rare once illness over
  8. Susceptibility- infection=immunity. Usual risk groups
  9. Control- pasteurisation, hygiene,cooking
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Describe epidemiology and control of cryptosporidiosis

A
  1. Clinical- Severe watery diarrhoea. Potential for large water Bourne outbreaks (resistant to chlorine)
  2. Agent- protozoan parasite. Microscopy stool and look for oocytes
  3. Occurrence- spring and late autumn
  4. Reservoir- people and animals
  5. Mode- faecal-oral, animal to person, drinking water, swimming pools
  6. Incubation- unclear, low infective dose
  7. Communicability- no a symptomatic shedding
  8. Susceptibility- young children, severe illness in the immunosuppressive, animal handlers
  9. Control- hygiene, water monitoring, clean with ammonia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Describe epidemiology and control of listeria

A
  1. Clinical- food Bourne, can present as septicaemia/ meningitis
  2. Agent- bacterial culture, csf microscopy
  3. Occurrence- cases are on the increase due to cultural practices in minority ethnic groups
  4. Reservoir- soil, surface water, vegetation, animals. Very hardy
  5. Mode- contact with animals, ingestion of contaminated food, transplacental
  6. Incubation- long- makes source finding a challenge
  7. Communicability- unclear
  8. Susceptibility- neonates, elderly, immunosuppressed
  9. Control- notify FSA, gastrointestinal emerging and zoonotic infections unit, hazard analysis in food processing units, pasteurise milk, notify
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Describe epidemiology and control of E. coli 0157

A
  1. Clinical- can cause HUS and death
  2. Agent- bacteria, culture and serology
  3. Occurrence- counts are increasing, largely sporadic outbreaks
  4. Reservoir- animals particularly cattle and sheep
    5, mode- contaminated foods, direct contact with animals, contaminated water
  5. Incubation- around a week, low infective dose
  6. Communicability- children excrete for approx 3 weeks
  7. Susceptibility- children and elderly
  8. Control- HACCP, hygiene, pasteurisation, notifiable, FSA
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Describe epidemiology and control of typhoid

A
  1. Clinical- risk of renal failure, DIC, fever, meningitis, osteomyelitis
  2. Agent- salmonella typhi, culture
  3. Occurrence- imported from areas with poor sanitation
  4. Reservoir- water
  5. Mode- ingestion, faecal oral
  6. Incubation- very infectious, long incubation, chronic excretion
  7. Communicability- vaccination available
  8. Susceptibility- travellers
  9. Control- food and travel hx, notify, cipro, exclude
    9.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Describe epidemiology and control of cholera

A
  1. Clinical- profuse severe watery diarrhoea
  2. Agent- bacteria, culture, PCR
  3. Occurrence- returning travellers, n outbreaks in UK sins 1800s
    R- water
    M- ingestion, faecal oral
    I-
    C- highly infectious, returning travellers. Vaccine available
    S- travellers
    S- isolate, Oral rehydration, antibiotics, fluids, notify,
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Meningococcal meningitis

A

c- meningitis septicaemia and pneumonia. Young children and teenagers at risk
Ag- neisseria meningitidis, unknown why some carry asymptomatically and others develop invasive disease. Microscopy, culture, antigen testing
O largely decreasing due to immunisation, a couple of outbreaks in early nougties due to pilgrimage. Higher incidence in winter months
R man spread by droplets
M droplet spread
I incubated 3 to 5 days immunised against men c in UK.
C overcrowded households, passive smoking. Infectivity confers immunity.
s notify, refer cases to hospital, notify CdCC, chemoprophylaxis for households
Data- meningococcal reference unit, notified cases, death carts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Haemophilius meningitis

A

c leading cause of bacterial meningitis particularly in young children prior to immunisation. Also septic arthritis and epiglottitis
Ag haemophilius influenza serotype b most common. Culture
O very low in UK since vaccination.
R humans
M resp droplet spread
I immunisation schedule. Booster introduced in 2000
C immunity once immunised
S check vacc status of contacts. Vaccinate and chemoprophylaxis. Rifampicin makes wee yellow!
Data sources: notifiable, labbase2, COVER data

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Pneumococcal pneumonia

A

c severe pneumonia affecting particularly the very young, elderly and immunosuppressed
Ag streptococcus pneumoniae, microscopy culture and urinary antigen
O winter peaks
R man nasopharynx
M droplets or direct contact
I two types of vaccine available (conjugate and polysaccharide)
C good immunity from vaccine
s antibiotics, chemoprophlyaxis, vaccination of contacts, isolation if in a residential setting, hygiene measures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Legionnaires disease

A

cAgORMICs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

TB

A

c latent/pul/non pul. Eventual death.
Ag mycobacterium tb. Mantoux, CxR, cukture, Nucleic acid amplification (rapid test)
O public health emergency in 1993. Rates steady over past decade, slight decline last year. Deprived groups, migrants and urban areas. London hotspot.
R man
M droplet or contact with body fluids
I
C 10 to 15 cases per index per year
s immunocomprimised/ suppressed
Think:notification,mantoux contacts, active case finding, pre entry tb screening, direct observed treatment, chemoprophlyaxis, national enhanced tb surveillance in UK, mycobnet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Ebola

A

c- viral haemorrhagic fever with sporadic outbreaks in Africa with pandemic in 2014 and imported cases in UK. 50-90% mortality
Ag- Ebola virus, four strains. Look for viral rna, PCR, antibody detection, culture in level 4 lab
O- imported in to uk
R-zoonotic,reservoir unknown
M- contact with bodily fluids, needle sticks, sexual contact, burial practices
I- 2 to 21 days
C- present in semen for 3 months
s- isolate in side room, urgent notification, identify contacts, risk assess and classify, form incident control team, arrange media messages, notify reference lab and WHO (international health regulations), no evidence for antivirals for contacts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Lassa Fever

A

c- viral hemorrhagic fever endemic in west Africa, foetal death and swollen baby syndrome
Ag- lasso virus
O-year round, travellers
R- rats
M- contact with urine and droppings/ contaminated bodily fluids
I- 21 days
C- semen 3 months, close contacts when symptomatic
s- ribavirin, rodent control, hygiene and isolation, notify, outbreak control group, define risk category of patient, communicate, contact tracing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Dengue fever

A

c- fever and severe flu like illness
Ag- virus from Aede mosquito.
O- imported cases from endemic regions in Asia and Africa. Numbers of cases in UK are increasing
R- Aedes mosquitoes
M- from Mosquitos feeding on hosts
I- 4-10 days
C- infection gives immunity against that serotype only. Evidence that infection with a further seri type increases risk of haemorrhagic sequelae
s- send samples to rare and imported pathogens lab. Supportive tx only-vaccine currently undergoing trials, manage as other VHFs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Hep A

A

c- mild vomiting to hepatitis to death. Mostly a symptomatic in children
Ag- hep a virus, RNA detection
O- trend generally decreasing, recent outbreaks in MSM and IDUs
R- shellfish, water
M- faecal oral, blood, intercourse
I- average 28 days
C- vaccine available. Infection=lifelong immunity
s- hygiene, food safety , safe drinking water, notify, samples to BBV reference lab, exclude until 7 days post onset of jaundice, can consider immunoglobulin PEP

17
Q

Hep b

A

c inflammation of liver and long term damage
Ag hep b virus, serology for bio markers such as antigen and immunoglobulins
O low prevalence in UK, sharp fall over past couple of decades ?effect of change in practices following hiv epidemic, decline in IVDU
R man
M blood Bourne e.g. Needle sharing, transplacental, sexually, tattooing, infected blood products
I around 12 weeks
C vaccine preventable
s notifiable, acute illness often self limiting then refer to liver specialist for antiviral treatment to reduce long term effects of disease, offer MSM hep b vaccine when go to gum clinic
Data- sentinel surveillance of BBV

18
Q

Hep c

A

c flu like illness, malaise jaundice and fever progressing to fibrosis, liver failure, cancer, death
Ag hep c virus, viral antigens and serology, blood spot testing
O likely lots of missed cases due to under reporting and under diagnosis
R man
M blood, sex, placenta
I
C IVDU, immunocompromised, sex workers,transplants, blood before 1991, vaccine in development
s counselling, find where risk from, monitoring and tx
Data sources- transfusion monitoring, gum data, national hep c register

19
Q

Diphtheria

A

c- Bull neck, pseudomembranous respiratory disease or ulcerating cutaneous disease. Relatively rare in UK, see in partially immunised or adults who are not immunised. Often mistaken for strep throat
Ag- diptheria toxin from corynaebacteria diptheriae or ulcerans . Send for culture and toxigenicity testing
O- stable around 50 cases per year in UK
R- humans
M- droplet or contact with ulcerating lesions
I- 2-5 days
Cs- diptheria surveillance network, notify, immunise contacts, samples to PHE reference unit. Treat with antitoxin and antibiotics (macrolides or benzylpenicillins), booster vaccine and isolation. Bring in ID experts

20
Q

Pertussis

A

c- causes whooping cough, severe life threatening symptoms in young infants including seizures and apnoea. Young children and those with resp symptoms at risk
Ag- bordetella pertussis, culture (low sensitivity),serology and oral fluid testing
O- stable and low but with three to four year cycles of peaks
R- humans
M- airborne
I-
C- vaccinate. Currently advising pregnant women to get vaccinated as temporary scheme in UK
s- notify, samples to reference lab. Isolate and treat with antibiotics and vaccinate. Chemo prophylaxis for vulnerable contacts.

21
Q

Polio

A

c virus causing malaise fever to paralysis and death
Ag polio virus (wild type) PCR, csf or throat swabs
O rare in UK. Currently endemic in pakistan and areas of Africa
R man
M faecal oral or via fomites
I
C can shed in stool and saliva for ages. Vaccinate!
s particularly young children
Management:vaccinate (IPV not OPV) contacts, no tx available just supportive, notify, can send sample to PHE viral reference lab, notify WHO

22
Q

Measles

A

c- fever, malaise, cough, rigors, pneumonia, Koplik spots, encephalitis
Ag- morbillivirus, oral fluid test kit
O- no of cases rising in uk with recent outbreaks in Wales
R- humans
M- airborne. Highly infectious
I- average 10 days
C- 4 days before to 4 days after rash
s- PEP with HNIG for at risk cases, vaccinate contacts, manage at home or isolate in side room if in hospital, notify, form outbreak control team if necessary

23
Q

Mumps

A

c- headache, fever and parotid swelling. Complications include pancreatitis, encephalitis, pericarditis, orchitis, deafness
Ag- paramyxovirus, clinical diagnosis
O- numbers waning since 2003
R- humans
M- oral or respiratory via saliva or droplets
I-14-25 days
C- vaccine preventable (COVER data), currently undergoing MMR catch up nationally
s- notify, vaccinate (opportunistically not as PEP), send samples to reference unit, isolate, respiratory precautions

24
Q

Rubella

A

c viral illness in most with rash and can cause congenital rubella syndrome or foetal loss
Ag RNA virus. PCR, oral fluid sampling
O rare in UK since mmr vaccine. Outbreak in the 1990s.
R man
M droplet/direct contact
I immunise
C immunise to prevent. Can get immunity once contracted.
s immunise, notify, no direct tx, isolate. Pregnant women screened antenatally, counselled and offered mmr postnatal.

25
Q

Chlamydia

A

c- from a symptomatic to PID, ectopic pregnancy and infertility, epididymitis in men. Most common bacterial STI in the UK. Oral contraception, low SES and recent change in sexual partner are risk factors.
Ag- chlamydia trachomatis. Dx via nuclei acid amplification
O- data collected via gumcadv2. Challenging due to large number of undetected. Rates appear to be rising but are collecting data from all settings recently so could be cause.
R-humans
M- sexually
I- 1-3 weeks
C- can get repeated infections
s-national chlamydia screening programme in core services;Internet based screening; opportunistic screening. Doxycycline, avoid sex. On PHOF. Use condoms!

26
Q

Gonorrhoea

A

c STI causing symptoms in most men and half of women.complications inc PID and epididymitis
Ag neisseria gonorrhoea. Nucleic acid amplification test
O outbreaks sporadic, in deprived and urban areas
R man
M sexually transmitted
I msm, deprived, afrocaribbean
C can get multiple infections
s treat, partner notification. Due to increased resistance, seek guidance on antibiotics or await sensitivities.
Data sources: gumcad2, gonorrhoea antibiotic surveillance programme (GRASP)

27
Q

Syphillis

A

c STI causing primary secondary tertiary syphillis causing dementia, gummas and cardiovascular problems
Ag treponema pallidum spirochete. Test for enzyme assay or VDRL
O cases are rising +++ from gumcad data. Incidence focussed in urban areas such as London and Manchester, high proportion in MSM. Spreads in sexual networks.
R man
M sexual transmission or transplacental
I up to ninety days
C can get multiple infections
s antibiotics (careful for reactions), test for other STIs, partner contact tracing
Data recent PHE/British paediatric surveillance unit to do surveillance of congenital syphillis in children under age two between 2010 and 2015.

28
Q

HIV

A

cAgORMICs

29
Q

SARS

A

cAgORMICs

30
Q

Herpes simplex

A

c different types of herpes causing mouth ulcers and genital ulcers. Primary, latency, local recurrence. Can cause meningitis.
Ag herpes simplex virus, swabs and viral antigen testing, PCR
O higher in youths and urban areas, low SES
R man
M sexually transmitted
I two days to three weeks
C immunosuppressed, sex workers, unprotected sex
s counsel, antivirals if severe, condom use, circumcision in men sometimes effective, support groups, contact tracing, saline baths
Data sources- gum cad

31
Q

Influenza

A

cAgORMICs

32
Q

Rabies

A

c encephalitis, almost inevitably fatal once symptoms develop
Ag rabies virus. Clinical dx, brain biopsy after death.
O no risk in UK currently but outbreak going on in Greece
R dogs, cats, bats
M bite. Some cases of transmission via corneal transplant!
I Immunise
C
s lab workers, travellers, animal handlers, work with bats
S vaccinate, advice to travellers to avoid animals, RIDDOR if happened at work, wash out would immediately, can give human rabies immunoglobulin, vaccine post exposure, risk assess the bite, doh and defra to get involved,

33
Q

Lyme disease

A

cAgORMICs

34
Q

Q fever

A

c- mostly mild flu like illness but can cause severe pneumonia, hepatitis, endocarditis, ARDS
Ag- bacterial coxiella burnetti, survives being dried , DONT CULTURE too dangerous, look for IgM, rise in seri antibodies
O- spring
R- sheep and cattle
M- direct contact or aerosol, unpasteurised milk
I- 2-3 weeks
C- occupational exposure, illness gives life long immunity, immunocomprimised and smokers
s- protective clothing, disinfection, pasteurisation, rare and imported pathogens laboratory, not notifiable

35
Q

Plague

A

Yersinia pestis bacterium on rodent fleas causing swollen painful lymph glands. Gram stain in class 4 labs and vaccinate lab staff, notify WHO, give streptomycin and tetracyclines, control rats

36
Q

Giardiasis

A

C- diarrhoeal disease around 3000 per year
Ag- parasitic, cysts in stool
O- summer/autumn peak
R- humans, dogs, cats, rodents
M- faecal oral contaminated food, swimming
I- 7-10 days, intermittent excretion for many months
C- travellers, nurseries
s- notify, filter water, hygiene, metronidazole

37
Q

Head lice

A

c itching, cervical lymphadenopathy, allergy rash
Ag arthropod, microscope
O periodic outbreaks commonly in schools but also homeless pops
R man
M head to head contact, bedding and sharing combs
I none
C when active lice
s children and homeless
S wet combing, pediculocides, avoid contact, advise parents and teachers and gps, treat household contacts, don’t need to exclude

38
Q

Scabies

A

c itchy skin disease. Incidence underestimated. Rash and inflammation, can get crusty.
Ag mite. Microscopy for eggs and faeces and mites
O periodical outbreaks
R folded skin. Animal scabies different and only temporary problem in humans.
M skin to skin contact
I no
C
s scabicides, all contacts in house, hot wash for clothes and bedding, those that can’t wash set aside for a week and the mites will dehydrate and die. Return to work/school once treated.

39
Q

Toxocara

A 
Roundworms from infected dogs and cats
2-4 weeks to symptoms 
Visceral toxocara or ocular toxocara
PCR/serology 
Mebendazole
Hygiene and remove animal waste
40
Q

Toxoplasmosis

A

c asymptomatic to congenital mental retardation or encephalitis
Ag toxoplasma gondii parasite. Serology
O rare in UK, low reporting as asymptomatic
R cats and meat
M eating raw meat or cat poo, transplacental
I around a month
C carriers common
s treatment, gloves and hygiene, pregnant women avoid cat litter, don’t give cats wet food, clean trays regularly

41
Q

Malaria

A

c fever, sweats, chills, cerebral malaria, anaemia, pulmonary oedema
Ag plasmodium parasite , microscopy films
O tropical areas only, imported in to UK. Risk of catching in airports also
R female anopheles mosquito
M bite from female anopheles mosquito
I no immunisation available
C Rare cases of transmission via needle stick
s travellers, immunosuppressed
S prevention- long sleeves, bed nets, repellents, chemoprophlyaxis. Drug resistance a concern. Notifiable in UK, take travel history. Sickle cell protective factor. Malaria reference lab at LSHTM.

Disease Epidemiology (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions