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Biology - Mrs Dudley > 3.6 - 3.8 Prokaryotic cells, viruses and the cell cycle > Flashcards

3.6 - 3.8 Prokaryotic cells, viruses and the cell cycle Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the function of a cell wall in bacteria?

A
  • Physical barrier
  • Excludes certain substances
  • Protects against mechanical damage and osmotic lysis
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2
Q

What is the function of a capsule in bacteria?

A
  • Protects from other cells

- Helps bacteria stick together

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3
Q

What is the function of a cell surface membrane in bacteria?

A
  • Differentially permeable layer which controls the entry and exit of chemicals
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4
Q

What is the function of a circular DNA in bacteria?

A
  • Genetic information for the replication of bacterial cells
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5
Q

What is the function of a cell plasmid in bacteria?

A
  • Possesses genes that may aid the survival of the bacteria in adverse conditions
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6
Q

Describe a virus

A
  • Acellular
  • Non-living
  • 20 - 300nm
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7
Q

Name the three types of cell division

A
  1. Mitosis - Eukaryotic cells, 2 daughter cells
  2. Meiosis - Eukaryotic cells, 4 daughter cells
  3. Binary Fission - Prokaryotic cells, 2 daughter cells
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8
Q

Describe the process of binary fission

A
  1. Circular DNA replicates and attaches to the cell membrane
  2. Plasmids replicate
  3. Cell growth
  4. DNA separation
  5. Cytoplasm constricts and a new cell wall is formed
  6. There are now two genetically identical daughter cells with one copy of the circular DNA and a variable no of copies of the plasmid
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9
Q

What are the stages of the cell cycle? (2 stages, 5 sub-stages)

A

Interphase:

  1. G1 phase (cell growth)
  2. S phase (DNA replication)
  3. G2 phase (preperation for mitosis)

Cell division:

  1. Mitosis
  2. Cytokinesis
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10
Q

What are the 4 stages of mitosis?

A
  1. Prophase
  2. Metaphase
  3. Anaphase
  4. Telophase
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11
Q

Describe what happens during interphase

A
  • Cell actively synthesising proteins
  • Chromosomes invisible
  • DNA replicates
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12
Q

Describe what happens during prophase

A
  • Chromosomes condense and become visible
  • Nucleolus disappears
  • Nuclear envelope disintegrates
  • Centrioles move to poles of the cell
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13
Q

Describe what happens during metaphase

A
  • Chromosomes line up in the centre of the cell
  • Spindle fibres form
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14
Q

Describe what happens during anaphase

A
  • Spindle fibres contract
  • Centromeres divide into two
  • Chromatids pulled towards poles
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15
Q

Describe what happens during telophase

A
  • Chromosomes reach poles and become indistinct
  • Spindle disintegrates
  • Nuclear envelope reforms
  • Nucleolus reforms
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16
Q

Describe what happens during cytokinesis

A
  • Cytoplasm divides to form two distinct cells
17
Q

Describe the process of viral reproduction

A
  1. The viral attachment protein is complementary to specific receptors on the host cell membrane so can attach
  2. The content of the virus (e.g viral RNA and reverse transcriptase enzyme) are injected into the host cell by endocytosis
  3. The reverse transcriptase enzyme copies viral RNA to form DNA
  4. This is transported to the nucleus
  5. The viral DNA is intergrated with the host cells DNA
  6. The host cell produces the viral RNA and proteins required for capsid, envelope and enzymes
  7. All components exit via exocytosis, creating a new viral envelope from the cell membrane of the host cell (‘budding off’)
18
Q

Why is mitosis necessary?

A
  • Growth
  • Repair
  • Reproduction (of single celled organisms)
19
Q

What is cancer?

A
  • A group of 200+ diseases caused by growth disorder of the cells
  • Malignant tumour
20
Q

Describe malignant tumours

A
  • Grow rapidly
  • Less compact
  • More likely to be life threatening
21
Q

Describe benign tumours

A
  • Grow more slowly
  • More compact
  • Less likely to be life threatening
22
Q

Describe a cancer treatment that focuses on the G1 phase of the cell cycle

A

Chemotherapy:

  • Prevents synthesis of enzymes needed for DNA replication
  • Should prevent S phase
23
Q

Describe a cancer treatment that focuses on the S phase of the cell cycle

A

Radiation & some drugs:

  • Damage DNA
  • If severe DNA damage is detected the cell will destroy itself

Biology - Mrs Dudley (12 decks)

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