Endocrine System

Question 1

Thyroid Gland Hormones

Answer 1

• thyroxine
• triiodothyronine
• calcitonin

Question 2

Placental Hormones

Answer 2

• human chorionic gonadotropin (HCD)
• estrogen
• progesterone
• Human chorionic somatomammotropin (HCS)

Question 3

2 Hormone Mechanisms of Action

Answer 3

• 2nd messenger

- gene activation

Question 4

3 Major 2nd Messengers

Answer 4

• cyclic AMP system (cAMP)
• calcium calmodulin system
• Inositoltriphosphate & diacylglycerol (IP3DG)

Question 5

HRE

Answer 5

• hormone response element

- specific attachment site in nucleus for hormone protein complex

Question 6

Calcium Calmodulin System

Answer 6

-hormone binds & results in incr Ca++ in cell that activates calmodulin & cause cellular response

Question 7

Cyclic AMP System

Answer 7

• (used by NE and epi)

- hormone binding to receptor activates G protein leading to incr/decr cAMP production leading to incr/decr response

Question 8

Hormone

Answer 8

• chemical substance secreted into body’s fluids to exert a physiological controlling effect on cells
• released by endocrine glands

Question 9

Gene Activation

Answer 9

-hormone pass into cell & into nucleus to bind with DNA on hormone response element causing change in RNA & synthesis new protein to cause cellular change

Question 10

Brain uses ____ for metabolism

Answer 10

only glucose

Question 11

GLUT 4 Transporters

Answer 11

-activated by insulin or mm contraction (with exercise) to move to membrane & promote glucose movement into cell

Question 12

Glucose & Exercise

Answer 12

-need to keep glucose in blood to prevent hypoglycemia but body uses glucose 1st with ex’s so ex’s causes GLUT 4 to move to edge of cell to take in glucose in specific areas during ex’s

Question 13

Goals of the 5 Hormones

non-insulin

Answer 13

• decr uptake of glucose by Mm
• decr storage of glucose by liver
• decr storage of fats
• decr protein storage

Question 14

Second Messenger System

Answer 14

• binding of chemical to a protein receptor sets off a series of events w/n the cell & leads to some kind of cellular response
• indirect

Question 15

Nervous System vs. Endocrine System

Answer 15

Nervous System: neurotransmitters travel through nerves to target (specific)
Endocrine: hormones through bloodstream to targets (more general)

Question 16

IP3DG System

Answer 16

-2nd messenger that causes cellular response

Question 17

Normal Fasting Glucose Levels

Answer 17

70-105 mg/dL

Question 18

Hypoglycemia

Answer 18

• <60 mg/dL
• headaches, blurred vision, diaphoresis, confusion, shaking, weakness, irritability, decr Mm coordination, psychosis etc.

Question 19

2 Adrenal Medulla Hormones

Answer 19

• epinephrine

- norepinephrine

Question 20

2 Ovarian Hormones

Answer 20

• estrogen

- progesterone

Question 21

1 parathyroid gland hormones

Answer 21

-parahormone

Question 22

2 Pancreatic Hormones

Answer 22

• insulin

- glucagon

Question 23

1 Testicular Hormone

Answer 23

testosterone

Question 24

6 Hormones involved in maintaining blood glucose

Answer 24

• insulin
• glucagon
• thyroxine
• cortisol
• epinephrine/NE
• growth hormone

Question 25

Mechanisms to Maintain Blood Glucose

Answer 25

• hormones control::
  1. conversion of liver glycogen to glucose
  2. mobilize plasma FFA from adipose tissue
  3. synthesis of glucose from AA, lactic acid & glycerol by liver
  4. block glucose from cell to force use of FFA

Question 26

Insulin

Answer 26

• get glucose out of blood
• incr storage of glycogen in liver
• incr storage of fats in adipose tissue
• incr storage of proteins
• cause GLUT 4 to move to cell edge & take in glucose from blood

Question 27

2 Posterior Pituitary Hormones

Answer 27

• antidiuretic hormoen

- oxytocin

Question 28

2 Adrenal Cortex Hormones

Answer 28

• cortisol

- aldosterone

Question 29

6 Anterior Pituitary Hormones

Answer 29

• Growth Hormones (GH)
• Adrenocorticotropin
• Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
• Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
• Lutenizing Horomone (LH)
• Prolactin