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Exercise Physiology > Metabolic Pathoways; Bioenergetics > Flashcards

Metabolic Pathoways; Bioenergetics Flashcards

1
Q

Isocitrate Dehydrogenase

A

-rate limiting enzyme of Krebs cycle

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2
Q

During Krebs Cycle _____

CHO

A
  • CO2 produced

- H+ atoms are removed to go to the ETC

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3
Q

For each Krebs cycle _____

CHO

A
  • 3H+ picked up by 3 NAD+ (9 ATP)
  • 1 H+ picked up by FAD+ (2 ATP)
  • 1 direct ATP
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4
Q

Cytochromes

CHO

A

Iron-protein carries in ETC that pass along H+

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5
Q

Krebs cycle directly forms

CHO

A

1 ATP per cycle

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6
Q

In krebs cycle, H+ atoms are _____

CHO

A

-picked up by NAD+ & FAD+

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7
Q

Phosphofructokinase

A

-rate limiting enzyme in anaerobic glycolysis

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8
Q

Cytochrome Oxidase

A

-rate limiting enzyme of ETC

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9
Q

Cytochrome Oxidase Inhibited by:

A

increased levels of ATP

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10
Q

Types of chemical reactions

A
  • endergonic: needs energy to react

- exogonic: reaction releases energy

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11
Q

Large incr/decr in temperature=_____

enzymes

A

decr enzyme activity

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12
Q

Electron Transport Chain

CHO

A
  • oxidative phosphorylation or respiratory chain

- H+ picked up by NAD+ and FAD+ are passed along by series of cytrochromes

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13
Q

H+ eventually _____

CHO

A

accepted by oxygen to make H2O

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14
Q

Krebs cycle

carbs

A
  • in mitochondria

- part of aerobic glycolysis

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15
Q

For each NADH _____

CHO

A
  • 3 ATP formed (theory)

- 2.5 ATP (actual)

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16
Q

Total # ATP from Krebs Cycle

CHO

A
  • 12 ATP

- 1 directly, 11 via ETC

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17
Q

Maximal capacity for aerobic glycolysis____

CHO

A
  • is great
  • Long duration ex’s

1 mole glucose–>36 ATP (theoretical), 30 ATP (real)
1 mole glycogen–>37 ATP (theoretical), 31 ATP (real)

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18
Q

For each FADH_____

CHO

A
  • 2 ATP formed (theory)

- 1.5 ATP (actual)

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19
Q

Triglyceride + 3 H2O==>_______

A

==>glycerol + 3 fatty acid chains

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20
Q

Fats go through ______ before entering Krebs cycle

A

beta oxidation

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21
Q

During beta oxidation ____ ATP formed per _____

A
  • 5 ATP

- 2 carbon segment

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22
Q

Bioenergetics

A
  • process that converts fats, proteins & carbs into forms the body can use
  • involves chemical reactions that are regulated by enzymes
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23
Q

Enzyme

A
  • proteins that regulate the rate at which reaction takes place
  • affected by temp and pH
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24
Q

Small incr in temperature=____

A

increased enzyme activity

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25
Q

3 Energy Sources

A
  • carbohydrates
  • fats
  • proteins
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26
Q

What form of CHO is used to make ATP?

A

glucose

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27
Q

1 gram of CHO=

A

4 kcal of energy

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28
Q

Enzymes & pH

A
  • enzymes have own optimal pH range

- outside range=decr activity

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29
Q

Carbohydrates

A
  • carbon, oxygen & hydrogen
  • rapid source of fuel

-1 gram CHO=4 kcal of energy

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30
Q

CHO

A

carbohydrates

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31
Q

Amount ATP produced from Protein:

A

-depends on amino acids and where it enters the process

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32
Q

Proteins provide ATP for:

A
  • long term ex’s

- malnutrition

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33
Q

Proteins require that ____ be removed from the _____

A
  • nitrogen

- amino acid

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34
Q

Quick bursts of activity

A
  • <5 seconds

- ATP-PC system

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35
Q

5-45 seconds of activity

A

anaerobic glycolysis

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36
Q

What form of fats is used to make ATP

A
  • glycerol

- free fatty acid chain

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37
Q

form of proteins used to make ATP?

A

amino acids

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38
Q

1 gram of fat=

A

9 kcal of energy

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39
Q

Fats

A
  • carbon, hydrogen & oxygen

- energy for prolonged ex’s

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40
Q

1 gram proteins=

A

4 kcal of energy

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41
Q

ATP

A

mechanical energy the body utilizes comes from the break down of ATP

42
Q

ATP Made via Aerobic Glycolysis

Cardiac Muscle

A

Glucose: 38 theory, 32 reality

Glycogen: 39 theory, 33 Reality

43
Q

ATP Made via Aerobic Glycolysis

Skeletal Muscle

A

Glucose: 36 theory, 30 reality

Glycogen: 37 theory, 31 reality

44
Q

Energy is released when ATP _____

A
  • joins H2O in the presence of ATPase

- to break down into ADP + Pi

45
Q

3 ATP-Making Systems

A
  • phosphagen system
  • anaerobic glycolysis
  • aerobic glycolysis
46
Q

Proteins

A
  • carbon, H+, O2, Nitrogen, Sulfer, phospherous, Iron

- energy source in malnutrition & prolonged exercise

47
Q

Phosphagen System

A
  • (ATP-PC System)
  • Anaerobic
  • Immeidate
48
Q

ATP + H2O _______

A

ADP + Pi + ENERGY

via ATPase

49
Q

How much ATP stored in Mm Cell?

A
  • very little

- only enough to perform max ex’s for several seconds

50
Q

Anaerobic glycolysis

A
  • (lactic acid system)
  • use chemicals from food break down
  • anaerobic
  • intermediate
51
Q

Aerobic glycolysis

A

(Oxygen System)

  • Use chemicals fro food break down
  • aerobic
  • slow
52
Q

Isocitrate dehydrogenase inhibited by:

A
  • increased ATP

- Increased NADH

53
Q

Cytochrome oxidase activated by:

A

incr levels ADP & Pi

54
Q

Beta Oxidation

A
  • process where free fatty acids are broken into 2-carbon chains
  • use 1 ATP to activate fat to go through beta oxidation
55
Q

Fuel utilization at rest

A

-liver glycogen/blood glucose & fats are primary methods of ATP production

56
Q

2 Steps of Phosphagen System

A
  • PC broken down by creatine kinase & releases energy

- energy used to combine ADP & Pi to make ATP

57
Q

Phosphagen system is fast because it’s a ___-step process & _______

A
  • 2 step

- creatine already present in body

58
Q

creatine kinase is a ___ limiting enxyme for ___

A
  • rate

- ATP-PC System (phosphagen)

59
Q

PC

A
  • phosphocreatine

- high energy phosphate used on phosphogen system to make ATP

60
Q

Creatine kinase inhibited by_____

A

incr levels ATP in sarcoplasm

61
Q

CP

A

creatine phosphate

62
Q

Creatine kinase activated by_____

A

incr levels ADP in sarcoplasm

63
Q

Break down of CHO in GI system=

A
  • glucose
  • fructose
  • galactose

(all changed to glucose in liver)

64
Q

Glucose is broken down into _____

A
  • 2 molecules pyruvic acid

- which provides energy to add a Pi to ADP

65
Q

2 Phosphagen System Steps

A
  1. PC Pi + C + Energy

2. Energy + ADP + Pi ATP

66
Q

Maximal power of phosphagen is _____ because _____

A
  • great

- provides energy fast for short quick bursts of activity

67
Q

Anaerobic Glycolysis is a ____-step process

A

10 steps

in cytoplasm

68
Q

Phosphagen system yields _____ ATP

A
  • 1 ATP per PC

- very fast

69
Q

Anaerobic glycolysis involves the break down of ____

A
  • CHO

- can only use CHO

70
Q

ATP Made per molecule of Fat=

A

3[17(#carbon segments-1)+12-1]

71
Q

Anaerobic glycolysis yields ____ ATP

A

-1 glucose molecule nets 2 ATP and grosses 4 ATP

72
Q

Glucose can travel in ___ or ____

A
  • travel in blood

- be stored in muscle cell or liver

73
Q

Glycogen

A

-storage form of glucose

74
Q

during ex’s ATP production______

A

decr

75
Q

as glucose passes from blood through the cell wall it’s

A

phosphorylated (Pi added)

76
Q

Once in the cell, glucose is broken down to form ____ & the break down _____

A
  • lactic acid

- releases energy to form ATP

77
Q

During anaerobic glycolysis 2 ____ are formed and picked up by ____

A
  • H+

- NAD (taken to ETC in mitochondria)

78
Q

Anaerobic metabolism occurs in_____

A

cytoplasm

79
Q

during anaerobic glycolysis, if ATP not needed now_____

A

the energy is stored as glycogen for later

80
Q

ETC

A
  • electron transport chain

- in mitochondria

81
Q

Once glycogen is in the muscle cell_____

A

it can’t leave to help other cells make ATP

82
Q

maximal power of anaerobic glycolysis is ____

A
  • intermediate
  • provide ATP for moderate activity

(1.6 mole ATP/min)

83
Q

Aerobic glycolysis

A
  • requires O2

- uses CHO, proteins & fats as fuel

84
Q

Deamination

A

-process where nitrogen is removed from amino acids in liver

85
Q

some proteins converted to ____, _____ & _____

A
  • pyruvate
  • acetyl Co A
  • Kreb’s cycle
86
Q

Example of Amino Acids used

A
  • leucine
  • isoleucine
  • valine
  • glutamine
  • aspartate
87
Q

Lactate Threshold

anaerobic threshold

A

point where aerobic metabolism can’t supply enough ATP and must use anaerobic metabolism

88
Q

Fuel source for anaerobic ex’s

A

-stored ATP-PC & muscle glycogen are main sources of ATP

89
Q

Increased need for ATP during ex’s comes from ____ then ____

A
  • incr aerobic metabolism to a point

- at 50-60% max VO2 need can’t be met by aerobic metabolism and aerobic is needed

90
Q

In presence of O2 pyruvic acid_____

A

-doesn’t form lactic acid but is metabolized and enters krebs cycle

91
Q

Transamination

A

-process where nitrogen is removed from amino acides in muscle

92
Q

phosphorylase

A

converts glycogen to gluose

93
Q

1-2 min of activity

A

ATP-PC system, anaerobic glycolysis and aerobic metabolism

94
Q

Full use during ex’s

A
  • gradual shift from CHO to fats after 1/2 hour ex’s

- after 1 hour=small amount of protein

95
Q

Isocitrate dehydrogenase activated by:

A

-incr ADP, NAD and mitochondrial Ca++

96
Q

PFK activated by:

A

(phosphofructokinase)

-incr levels of AMP, ADP and pH

97
Q

PFK inhibited by_____

A
  • incr levels of ATP, CP, citrate

- decr levels pH

98
Q

Before fat can be metabolized to produce ATP _____

A

it must be broken down by the enzyme lipase into glycerol & 3 fatty acids

99
Q

Fuel source during aerobic ex’s

A
  • decr intensity=incr fat use

- incr intensity=incr CHO use

100
Q

in order for glucose to get into muscle cell:

A
  1. insulin needed
  2. 1 ATP used
  3. hexokinase needed
  4. magnesium needed

Exercise Physiology (25 decks)

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