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Chemistry > Option D - Medicines and drugs > Flashcards

Option D - Medicines and drugs Flashcards

1
Q

What are the effects of medicines and drugs on the functioning of the body?

A
  1. Alters the physiological state, including consciousness, activity level, or coordination
  2. Alters incoming sensory sensations
  3. Alters mood or emotions
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2
Q

What is the placebo effect?

A

When patients gain therapeutic effect from their belief that they have been given a useful drug, even when they have not

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3
Q

What is the definition of a drug?

A

A chemical that affects how the body works

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4
Q

What is the definition of a medicine?

A

A substance that improves health (beneficial drugs)

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5
Q

What are the methods of administering drugs?

A
  1. Oral
  2. Parenteral (injection)
  3. Inhalation
  4. Rectal
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6
Q

What are the three ways of administering drugs by injection?

A
  1. Intravenous: directly into the bloodstream
  2. Intramuscular: into a muscle
  3. Subcutaneous: directly under the surface of the skin (fat tissue)
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7
Q

What is the difference between therapeutic effect and side-effect?

A

Therapeutic is the intended physiological effect whereas side-effects are unintended physiological effects

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8
Q

What is the therapeutic window?

A

The range of a drug’s concentration in the blood between its therapeutic level and its toxic level

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9
Q

What is tolerance?

A

When a patient is given repeated doses of a drug, a reduced response to the drug develops. Higher doses are needed to produce the same effect.

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10
Q

What are the stages of drug development?

A
  1. Discovery research (3 years)
  2. Development research (6 years)
  3. Regulatory review (2 years)
  4. Post-marketing and monitoring (1 year)
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11
Q

What is done during the discovery research of drug development?

A
  • Identifying and extracting compounds that show biological activity known as lead compounds
  • Often show low levels of activity or have negative side-effects
  • Provide a start for the drug design
  • Often derived from plants
  • The effectiveness of the lead compound is optimised by making and testing many chemically related chemical compounds known as analogues
  • A potential medicine is tested on animals. This helps scientists to determine the dose to be administered in human trials (therapeutic index)
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12
Q

What is the therapeutic index?

A
  • Shows if a drug is worth the risk
  • The ratio of lethal dose and effective dose
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13
Q

What is the lethal dose of a drug?

A

The dose required to kill fifty percent of the animal population, LD50

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14
Q

What is the effective dose of a drug?

A

The dose required to bring about a noticeable effect in fifty percent of the population, ED50

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15
Q

What is done during the development research stage of drug development?

A
  • Human trials
  • Three consecutive phases with increasing number of patients
  • The effectiveness is judged by the relative improvement on patients who have received the real medication compared to those on a placebo
  • Very costly due to human subjects
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16
Q

What was the problem with the drug thalidomide?

A
  • Marketed as a cure to morning sickness in pregnant women
  • Two enantiomers, one that helped in morning sickness, one that made malformations in fetuses
  • Lots of kids were born with malformed or missing limbs and some died
  • After this a post-marketing monitoring system was established to track medications once the population had access to them
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17
Q

What are the three problems that can be caused by excess acid secretion in the stomach?

A
  1. Acid indigestion
  2. Heartburn
  3. Ulcer
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18
Q

What is acid indigestion?

A

A feeling of discomfort from too much acid in the stomach

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19
Q

What is heartburn?

A

Acid from the stomach rising into the oesophagus (acid reflux)

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20
Q

What is ulcer?

A

Damage to the lining of the stomach wall due to excess acid, resulting in loss of tissue and inflammation

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21
Q

What are antacids?

A

Weak bases that are used to relieving symptoms due to excess acid

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22
Q

What are antacids often composed of?

A
  1. Metal oxide or hydroxide, carbonate, hydrogencarbonate
  2. Antifoaming agents
  3. Alginates
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23
Q

How do antacids combat excess acid?

A

They react with the acid to produce a salt and water, neutralising the acid

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24
Q

What are alginates?

A

Added to antacids to form a neutralising layer on the top of the stomach, which acts as a barrier preventing reflux into the oesophagus

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25
Q

What is the reaction of the antacid aluminium hydroxide, Al(OH)3, with stomach acid?

A

Al(OH)3(s) + 3 HCl(aq) → AlCl3(aq) + 3 H2O

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26
Q

What is the reaction of the antacid magnesium hydroxide, Mg(OH)2, with stomach acid?

A

Mg(OH)2(s) + 2 HCl(aq) → MgCl2(aq) + 2 H2O

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27
Q

What is the reaction of the antacid sodium hydrogencarbonate, NaHCO3, with stomach acid?

A

NaHCO3(aq) + HCl(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)

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28
Q

What are antifoaming agents? Give one example

A

Compounds that are added to antacids to prevent bloating due to the CO2 produced in some antacids

e.g. dimethicone

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29
Q

Why are magenisium and aluminium hydroxides often used together in antacid compounds?

A
  • They complement each other well
  • Magnesium functions faster so is a quick help
  • Aluminium reacts more slowly but provides a longer lasting effect
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30
Q

What are the two types of analgesics?

A

Mild and strong analgesics

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31
Q

How do mild analgesics function?

A

They intercept the pain stimulus at the source, often by interfering with the production of substances that cause pain, swelling or fever.

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32
Q

How do strong analgesics function?

A

They temporarily bond to receptor sites in the brain, preventing the transmission of pain impulses without depressing the central nervous system

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33
Q

What is the difference between narcotics and non-narcotics

A

Analgesics that do not interfere with the functioning of the brain are considered non-narcotics whereas analgesics that do act on the brain are considered narcotics

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34
Q

What are examples of mild analgesics?

A
  1. Aspirin
  2. Paracetamol
  3. Ibuprofen
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35
Q

What are examples of strong analgesics?

A
  1. Morphine
  2. Codeine
  3. Heroin
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36
Q

What are the side-effects of strong analgesics?

A
  1. Drowsiness
  2. Changes in behaviour and mood
  3. Dependence
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37
Q

What is aspirin?

A

An analgesic made out of an ester derivative of salisylic acid

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38
Q

What are aspirin’s effects on the body?

A
  • Blocks the syntheiss of prostaglandins
  • Analgesic effect
  • Reduces fever and inflammation
  • Reduces the blood’s ability to clot → prevents heart attacks and strokes
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39
Q

What are the side effects of aspirin?

A
  • Irritation and ulceration of the stomach and duodenum
  • Allergic reactions
  • Reye’s syndrome (fatal liver and brain disorder)
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40
Q

How does paracetamol function?

A

It reduces the production of prostaglandins in the brain, thus not effective in reducing inflammation

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41
Q

What are the advantages of paracetamol?

A
  • One of the safest of all analgesics
  • Does not irriate the stomach
  • Allergic reactions are rare
  • Safe for children
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42
Q

What are the side-effects of paracetamol when abused?

A

Fatal damage to kidneys, liver, and brain.

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43
Q

What is the effect of aspirin with alcohol?

A

Increased risk of stomach bleeding

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44
Q

What is the effect of paracetamol with alcohol?

A

Toxic side-effects can be increased

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45
Q

What are the long term effects of strong analgesics?

A
  1. Constipation
  2. Loss of sex drive
  3. Disrupts menstural cycle
  4. Poor eating habits
  5. Risk of AIDS, hepatitis, etc. through shared needles
  6. Social problems
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46
Q

What are the short term effects of strong analgesics?

A
  1. Euphoria
  2. Dulling of pain
  3. Depress the nervous system
  4. Slow breathing and heart rate
  5. Suppresses the cough reflex
  6. Nausea and vomiting (first timers)
  7. High doses lead to coma or death
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47
Q

Describe the structure of morphine

A

Functional groups:

  1. Benzene ring
  2. Ether
  3. Alkene
  4. Alcohol (2)
  5. Tertiary amine
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48
Q

Describe the structure of codeine

A

Functional groups:

  1. Benzene ring
  2. Ether (2)
  3. Alkene
  4. Alcohol
  5. Tertiary amine
49
Q

Describe the structure of diamorphine (heroin)

A

Funcitonal groups:

  1. Benzene ring
  2. Ether
  3. Alkene
  4. Ester - ethanoate (2)
  5. Tertiary amine
50
Q

How is heroin produced?

A

By converting morphine by esterification reaction with both its –OH groups into ester groups by reaction with ethanoic acid

51
Q

What structural differences make heroin faster than other opiates?

A
  • Less polar and more lipid-soluble than morphine
  • Enables it to cross the blood-brain barrier quickly and works faster
52
Q

What are the physiological properties of morphine?

A
  • Used in the management of severe pain, such as cancer
  • Can be habit forming and lead to dependence, thus must be regulated by a professional
53
Q

What are the physiological effects of heroine?

A
  • Used medically only in a few countries legally for the relief of severe pain
  • The most rapidly acting and the most abused narcotic
  • Initially produces euphoric effects, but very high potetial for causing addiction and increasing tolerance
  • Dependence leads to withdrawal symptoms and other associated problems
54
Q

What are the physiological properties of codeine?

A
  • Used in a preparation with a non-narcotic drug in the second stage of pain management ladder
  • Used in cough medications
  • Short-term treatment of diarrhoea
55
Q

What are the effects of depressants at different doses?

A
  1. Low to moderate dose (tranquiliser)
    - Calmness
    - Relief from anxiety
    - Very relaxed muscles
  2. High dose (sedative)
    - Slurred speech
    - Staggering gait
    - Altered perception
    - Sleep induced
  3. Extremely high/lethal dose (hypnotic)
    - Respiratory depression
    - Coma
    - Death
56
Q

Why are depressants often described as antidepressants?

A

Because they relive depression

57
Q

What are the uses of ethanol?

A
  1. Antiseptic properties
  2. Hardens the skin
  3. Important part of many cultures
  4. Help to create mild excitement and make users more talkative, confident, and relaxed
  5. Beneficial effect on the circulation and diminish cario-vascular diseases
58
Q

What are the short term effects of ethanol abuse?

A
  1. Loss of self-restraint; memory, concentration and insight are impaired
  2. Loss of balance and judgment
  3. Violent behaviour associated with domestic abuse and family breakdown
  4. Dangerous risk-taking behaviour leading to accidents including motor vehicles and machinery
  5. Dehydration and loss of productivity
  6. At high doses, vomiting, loss of consciousness, coma, and death
59
Q

What are the long term effects of ethanol abuse?

A
  1. Dependence (alcoholism), associated with withdrawal symptoms
  2. Liver disease, e.g. cirrhosis, liver cancer
  3. Coronary heart disease
  4. High blood pressure
  5. Fetal alcohol syndrome
  6. Permanent brain damage
  7. Costs to the society
  8. Negative effects on the family
60
Q

What is meant by synergy?

A

The potential of a drug to increase the activity of other drugs when taken at the same time

61
Q

What are the synergistic effects of ethanol?

A
  1. With aspirin:
    - Can cause increased bleeding of the stomach lining and increased risk of ulcers
  2. With other depressants (e.g. sleeping pills):
    - Heavy sedation, possibly leading to coma
  3. With tobacco:
    - Increases the indicende of cancers, particularly of the intestines and liver
  4. With many other drugs:
    - Can interfere with their metabolism, which can cause greater and more prolonged effects
62
Q

What are the ways of detecting ethanol?

A
  1. Breathalyser
  2. Analysis of blood and urine by chromatography
  3. Absorption of infrared ratiation or use of a fuel cell in the intoximeter
63
Q

How does a breathalyser function?

A
  • Ethanol establishes equilibrium between its aqueous and gaseous states in the lungs
  • Breathalyser contains crystals of potassium dichromate (VI) which are orange
  • Crystals turn to green chromium (III) Cr3+ ions when they oxidise the ethanol to ethanal and ethanoic acid
  • The extent of the colour change can be measured using a photocell
  • The extent can be used to determine the ethanol concentration
  • Not very accurate technique
64
Q

How does an intoximeter function?

A
  • Uses inrared spectroscopy
  • Different molecules cause different absorption bands in the infrared spectrum
  • Ethanol has a characteristic absorption band at 2950 cm-1 due to its C–H bond
  • The size of the peak can be used to measure ethanol concentration, when compared to normal air
65
Q

How does an intoximeter with a fuel cell function?

A
  • Works on the principle that in the presence of a catalyst, ethanol is oxidised to ethanoic acid and then water and carbon dioxide
  • The cell converts the energy released to a voltage that can be used to measure ethanol concentration
66
Q

How does gas-liquid chromatography function?

A
  • Blood or urine is vaporised and injected into a stream of an inert gas over the surface of a non-volatile liquid
  • The components of the vapour move at different rates depending on their boiling points and relative solubility
  • Each leaves the column holding the liquid after a specific interval known as its retention time
  • A peak at the retention time correspoinding to ethanol can be used to confirm its presence
  • The area under the peak is a measure of ethanol concentration
  • Very accurate
67
Q

What are benzodiazepines?

A
  • Another major group of depressants
  • Depress activity in the part of the brain that conrols motion so are used as tranquilisers in the treatment of anxiety and insomnia
  • Sleeping pills and muscle relaxants
  • Few side-effects, altho can cause dependence
  • Short-term treatments
  • E.g. diazepam (Valium) and nitrazepam (Mogadon)
68
Q

What is Prozac?

A
  • Fluoxetine hydrochloride
  • Functions by increasing the levels of serotonin
  • Treatment of depression, eating and panic disorders
  • Does not depress the activity of the CNS so is not a depressant
69
Q

Describe the structures of diazepam and nitrazepam

A
  • Benzene rings
  • Diazepine structure (seven-membered heterocyclic ring containing carbon and two nitrogen)
  • Non-polar → high lipid solubility and are able to cross the brain-blood barrier
70
Q

What are the physiological effects of stimulants and what are they used for?

A
  1. Help to facilitate breathing by causing relaxation of the air passages and are used in the treatment of respiratory infections
  2. May reduce appetite and are used as a part of treatment for obesity
  3. May cause palpitations or tremors to occur
  4. Can cause extreme restlessness, sleeplessness, fits, delusions, and hallucinations
71
Q

What are amphetamines?

A

Drugs that mimic the effects of epinephrine. Known as sympathomimetic drugs

72
Q

What is the function of epinephrine (adrenaline)?

A
  1. Increases the heart rate and blood pressure
  2. Increases the blood flow to the brain and muscles
  3. Increases the air flow to the lungs
  4. Increases mental awareness
73
Q

Compare the structures of adrenaline and amphetamine

A

Both derivatives of the phenyl ethyl amine structure:

74
Q

What are the side-effects of amphetamine?

A
  1. Dilation of the pupils
  2. Decreased appetite
  3. Possible blurred vision and dizziness
  4. Rapid development of tolerance and dependence
  5. Long-term effects include depression and reduced resistance to infection
75
Q

What are the short term effects of nicotine consumption?

A
  1. Increases concentration
  2. Relieves tension and boredom
  3. Helps to counter fatigue
  4. Increases heart rate and blood pressure
  5. Decreases urine output
76
Q

What are the long-term effects of nicotine consumption?

A
  1. High blood pressure
  2. Increases risk of heart disease and angina
  3. Coronary thrombosis
  4. Increases the level of fatty acids in the blood which can lead to atherosclerosis and stroke
  5. Over-stimulation of stomach acids which can lead to peptic ulcers
  6. Addiction and all the other risks associated with smoking tobacco
77
Q

How does nicotine bring about its effect on the body?

A

It increases the levels of adrenaline as well as alters the concentrations of certain neurotransmitters in the brain.

78
Q

What is one of the biggest problems of nicotine addiction?

A

It is linked to social factors such as peer pressure

79
Q

What are the withdrawal symptoms of nicotine?

A
  1. Nausea
  2. Weight gain
  3. Drowsiness
  4. Inability to concentrate
  5. Depression
  6. Craving for cigarettes
80
Q

Compare the structures of caffeine and nicotine

A
  • Both have heterocyclic rings and a tertiary amine group
  • Caffeine contains two amide groups
81
Q

How does caffeine bring about its effect on the body?

A
  • Acts as a respiratory stimulant increasing the rate of energy release within cells
  • Intensifies and prolongs the effects of adrenaline
82
Q

What are the effects of caffeine in small amounts?

A
  1. Enhancement of mental energy
  2. Enhancement of alertness
  3. Increased ability to concentrate
  4. Acts as a diuretic, increasing the volume of urine; can cause dehydration
83
Q

What are the effects of caffeine in large amounts?

A
  1. Anxiety
  2. Irritability
  3. Insomnia
  4. Dependence; side-effects include headaches and nausea
84
Q

How was penicillin discovered and developed?

A
  1. Fleming left an open petri dish containing bacteria while he went on holiday
  2. When he came back he noticed that a mould had developed and inhibited the growth of the bacterium
  3. He deduced that the mould produced a compound, which inhibited the growth of bacteria
  4. Florey and Chain overcame the problems associated with isolating and purifying penicillin
  5. They used penicilin on a dying policeman and he was cured
  6. Later in America they were able to grow loads of penicillin by growing strains of the penicillin mould in large tanks containing corn-steep liquor
  7. The structure of penicillin was determined and this allowed chemists to synthesise different types of penicillin and other antibiotics without growing mould
85
Q

How do penicillins work?

A

They interfere with the chemicals that bacteria need to form normal cell walls, causing the bacteria to disintegrate and die.

86
Q

What are the effects of modifying the side-chain of penicillin?

A

Results in penicillins that are more resistant to the penicillinase enzyme.

87
Q

What is penicillinase?

A

An enzyme some bacteria are able to produce that deactivates the original penicillin molecule and its effect

88
Q

What is meant by patient compliance and why is it important?

A
  • The importance of completing the full course of treatment with an antibiotic
  • Essential to prevent resistant bacteria from prolonging the disease or spreading into the community
89
Q

What is the effect of penicillin overuse?

A
  • The bacteria gain resistance
  • Another penicillin has to be developed to gain functionality
90
Q

How do viruses differ from bacteria?

A
  1. They contain only two components of protein and nucleic acid (RNA or DNA)
  2. Have no cellular structure (need a host cell)
  3. Only capable of reproducing inside another living cell
  4. Do not feed, excrete, or grow → are not considered to be living
91
Q

In what different ways do antiviral drugs work?

A
  1. Altering the cell’s genetic material so that the virus cannot use it to multiply
  2. Blocking enzyme activity within the host cell to prevent the viruses from multiplying
  3. Binding site of the virus could be altered to prevent the virus from attaching to the host cell
  4. Cell wall could be altered to prevent virus from entering the cell
  5. Preventing the new viruses from leaving the host cell
92
Q

What are the problems in solving the AIDS problem?

A
  1. The HIV destroys helper-T cells, the very cells in the immune system that should be defending the body against the virus
  2. The virus tends to mutate very rapidly, more rapidly than any other virus
  3. The virus often lies dormant within host cells, so the immune system has nothing to respond to until it is too late
  4. Treatment is very expensive
93
Q

Why is geometrical isomerism imporant in drug action?

A
  • Cis- and trans-isomerism can occur in inorganic complexes
  • The different isomers can have different effects
  • e.g. anti-cancer drug cisplatin
94
Q

How does cisplatin fight against cancer?

A
  • Disrupts the function of DNA and prevents cell division from occurring
  • Intravenous treatment
  • The complex exchanges one or both of its negative chloride groups with neutral water ligands and forms a reactive positively charged species
  • The species binds to DNA by exchanging the water and chloride ligands for bonds between platinum and nitrogen atoms in guanine
  • The modified DNA activates repair processes, which are ineffective and leads to cell death
  • Only the cis isomer has the groups in the correct orientation
  • The trans isomer is unable to bind and is useless
95
Q

Why is chirality important in drug action?

A
  • Two enantiomers in a racemic mixture may have very different effects
  • e.g. thalidomide
96
Q

Why do optical isomers have different effects in the body?

A
  • They react differently with enzymes and receptors, which require a specific form and collision geometry in order to function
97
Q

Why is the beta-lactam ring important in the action of penicillin?

A
  • The high reactivity of the amide group within the four-membered ring structure is a result of strain
  • The ring breaks relatively easily
  • The ring opens so that the penicillin becomes covalently bonded to the enzyme that synthesises bacterial cell walls, thus blocking its action
  • The bacterium cannot produce the wall construction material and bursts and dies
98
Q

Why is heroin more active than morphine?

A
  • The polar hydroxyl groups in morphine are replaced by non-polar ester groups, which makes the whole molecule less polar
  • The non-polar molecule is able to penetrate the blood-brain barrier and induce its action in the brain
  • Heroin reaches brain cells faster and in higher concentration and is more active by a factor of two
  • Heroin undergoes metabolic change into morphin before it can function so is described as a pro-drug
99
Q

What is a compound library?

A

A large collection of related molecular compounds

100
Q

What is a compound library used for in drug design?

A
  • To synthesise a large collection of related compound for evaluation of biological properties
  • Time-consuming and expensive
101
Q

How is combinatorial chemistry used to synthesise new drugs?

A
  • A method of synthesising groups of compounds known as combinatorial libraries simultaneously instead of one by one
  • Largely automated
  • Generates a pool of chemically related compounds
  • Mimics the natural process of random mutation and selection of the fittest (those with the best activity)
102
Q

How is parallel chemistry used to synthesise new drugs?

A
  • Gives rise to a mixtrue of compounds in each reaction flask
  • Efficient in means of generating a large library
  • Produces a single product in each flask
  • Generally produces libraries more focused and less diverse than combinatorial libraries
  • Usually involves the synthesis of a highly reactive intermediate
103
Q

What is the mix and split method of drug design?

A
  • A molecule is made out of three building blocks
    1. Each component is first linked to the solid support (raisin bead)
    2. Beads are mixed and split into three equal portions
    3. Each protion is reacted with a different building block, giving nine possible structures
    4. The process is repeated by remixing and splitting again
    5. A third different block is added to each portion resulting in 27 possible products
104
Q

How are computers used in drug design?

A
  • Analyses the interactions between drugs and their receptor sites
  • Helps to design molecules that give an optimal fit
  • Three-dimensional models can be created in silico
  • Virtual development and evaluation of new drugs
  • Cheaper and easier
105
Q

What is bioavailability?

A

The percentage of a dose of a drug that reaches the bloodstream

106
Q

How can the polarity of a molecule be modified to increase its aqueous solubility?

A
  1. By reacting of the –COOH acid group to form an ionic salt
  2. By reacting the –NH2 basic group to form an ionic salt
107
Q

How can the –COOH group be reacted to make a drug more soluble?

A

e. g. aspirin
- When reacted with a strong alkali, forms a salt in which the COOH group is converted into its conjugate base
- This increases the solubility of the compound
- Called soluble aspirin

108
Q

How can the –NH2 group be reacted to increase the solubility of a drug?

A

e. g. Prozac
- Molecule containing an amine group can be reacted with a strong acid to form its chloride salt

109
Q

What is asymmetric synthesis?

A

A way of directly synthesising a single enantiomer in means of producing a drug.

110
Q

How can chiral auxiliaries be used for asymmetric synthesis?

A
  • Chiral auxiliary is a chiral molecule
    1. The molecule inds to the reactant, physically blocking one reaction site, ensuring that the next step can only take place from one side
    2. Forces the reaction to proceed with a specified stereochemistry
    3. When the desired enantiomer has been produced, the auxiliary can be taken off and recycled
    e. g. development of the anticancer drug Taxol
111
Q

What are hallucinogens and how do they function?

A
  • Drugs that cause hallucinations
  • Disrupt the normal activity of the brain transmitter serotonin
  • Serotonin is responsible for coordinating and processing hearing and sight
  • Pathways of nervous connection changed
  • The person hears voices and sees images that don’t exist
  • Basically there is brain activity in the absence of a stimulus at the receptors
  • e.g. LSD, mescaline, psilocybin
112
Q

What are the effects of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)?

A
  1. Creates distortions of the boddy and crawling geometric patterns
  2. Impaired judgment, hypertension, dilated pupils, and changes to body temperature and heart rate
  3. Can cause unpredicatble mood swings from euphoria to depression and panic
113
Q

What are the effects of mescaline?

A
  1. About 1000-3000 times less potent than LSD; causes subjective hallucinations dependent on the individual
  2. Causes anxiety, static tremors, psychic disturbances with vivid visual hallucinations
  3. Abdominal pain, nausea, and diarrhoea
114
Q

What are the effects of psilocybin?

A
  1. Subjective hallucinations similar to mescaline but milder
  2. Some perople experience a pleasant mood, others become apprehensive
  3. Compulsive movement and inappropriate laughter
  4. Vertigo and dizziness
  5. Numbness, muscle weakness and drowsiness
115
Q

What are the effects of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)?

A
  1. Mental relaxation and euphoria
  2. Loss of inhibitions
  3. Alteration of the perception of time and space
  4. Palpitation, loss of concentration, light-headedness, weakness, sense of floating
  5. At high doses can cause depression of respiration and can lead to collapse
  6. Withdrawal symptoms include insomnia, anxiety, and restlessness
116
Q

What are the structural similarities and differences between LSD, mescaline, and psilocybin?

A

All:

  • Contain benzene rings
  • Contain the indole ring structure

Primary amine:

  • Mescaline

Secondary amine:

  • LSD and psilocybin

Tertiary amine:

  • LSD
  • Psilocybin (ion)

Ether:

  • Mescaline

Tertiary amide:

  • LSD

Phosphate:

  • Psilocybin

Alkene:

  • LSD (2)
117
Q

What are the arguments for the legalisation of cannabis?

A
  1. Medicinal use
    - Useful to prevent vomiting
    - A pain killer
    - Treatment of glaucoma, epilepsy, Parkinson’s, Huntington’s
  2. Lower crime rate
    - Police freed to concentrate on other criminals
  3. Freedom of the individual
  4. No more damaging than tobacco or alcohol
118
Q

What are the arguments against the legalisation of cannabis?

A
  1. Cost to society
    - Due to increased risk of heart disease and cancer
  2. Cannabis is a gateway to harder drugs
  3. Increased risk of dangerous living while under the influence
  4. Causes dependence

Chemistry (13 decks)

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