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Medical Block > Hematology > Flashcards

Hematology Flashcards

1
Q

Polyheme

A

Does not have to be refrigerated and is universal

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2
Q

Types of infusion

A

Whole blood
Packed Red Cell’s
Fresh Frozen Plasma
Clotting Factors

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3
Q

What are the 5 areas that form blood

A

Red bone marrow (all types of erythrocytes formed here)

Yellow bone marrow (produces white cells)

Lymph nodes (produces lymphocytes and antibodies)

Spleen (Stores large quantities of blood & produces lymph, plasma cells and antibodies)

Liver (during intrauterine life)

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4
Q

What % of blood is RBC

A

95%

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5
Q

Plasma

A

fluid portion of blood (92% water)

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6
Q

RBC life span

A

120 days

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7
Q

RBC production cycle

A

Starts with one cell in the red marrow and divides into 16 then develop

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8
Q

WBC’s

A

5-10K cells/mm3

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9
Q

Platelets

A

Thrombocytes that travel to site of damage, swell and adhere to damaged vessel wall

Will start clotting cascade if damage too great.

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10
Q

Hematocrit

A

measures fraction of blood volume cantaining RBC’s
40-50% in males
35-45% in females

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11
Q

Hemoglobin

A

14-18% in males

12-16% in females

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12
Q

Anemia

A

poor O2- concentration of hemoglobin or RBC’s is below normal.

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13
Q

Precipitating causes of anemia

A

Chronic or acute blood loss
Decrease erythrocyte production
Increased destruction of erythrocyte

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14
Q

Common forms of anemia

A

Iron-deficiency anemia
Hemolytic anemia
Aplastic
Pernicious

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15
Q

Iron-deficiency anemia

A

Bone marrow roduces small and pale RBC’s with reduced O2 carrying capacity

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16
Q

Most common causes of iron deficiency anemia

A

Menstruation
GI Bleeds – stress, infection, alcoholics
Iron poor diet in kids

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17
Q

Hemolytic Anemia types

A

Inherited and aquired

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18
Q

Inherited

A

Often abnormal rigidity of cell membrane causing smaller cells
Cells trapped in the smaller blood vessels (often spleen) and destroyed by macrophages

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19
Q

Examples of Inherited hemolytic anemia

A

Sickle cell
Thalassemia
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase

20
Q

3 conditions of aquired

A

Normal RBC’s disrupted due to mechanical forces (blood clots, atherosclerosis)
Autoimmune disorders which can destroy RBC’s with antibodies
RBC’s destroyed by microorganisms in the blood (ie malaria)

21
Q

Other anemias

A

Aplastic
Failure to produce RBC’s
Pernicious (usually inherited)
Lack of vitamin B, needed for cell division

22
Q

Anemia S/S

A 
SOB
Chest pain
Fever
Pale
Fatigue, lethargy
Headaches
Sore mouth or tongue
Brittle nails
Cutaneous bleeding
Bleeding from mucous membranes
23
Q

Anemia Dx

A

History, blood tests, bone marrow biopsy

24
Q

Leukemia

A

Cancer of Hematopoietic Cells – abnormal cells develop

25
Q

Leukemia more common

A

Males and caucasians, children and young adults

26
Q

Leukemia mortality in children

A

50%

27
Q

Leukemia classified by type of WBC

A

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)–Usually in kids

Acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML)–Usually middle age adults

28
Q

Leukemia S/S

A 
FREQUENT BRUISING
Fatigue
Infections secondary to low levels of Neutrophils (WBC)
Bone pain
Elevate temperature and diaphoresis
Heat intolerance
Abdominal fullness
Bleeding
Headache
Weight loss
Night sweats
Enlarged lymph nodes, spleen, liver and testes
29
Q

Dx Leukemia

A 
Bone marrow biopsy
Severity assessed by 
Degree of liver and spleen enlargement
Anemia
Lack of platelets in the blood
30
Q

Rx of Leukemia

A

Transfusion of blood and platelets
Antibiotic therapy
Anticancer drugs - chemotherapy
Radiation

31
Q

Lymphomas

A 
Any neoplastic disorder of lymph tissue
Two types
Hodgkin's
Non-Hodgkin’s
Malignant
32
Q

Hodgkin’s Lymphoma

A

Abnormal function of B cells

more common in males, in 20’s and then 55-70

33
Q

Hodgkin’s S/S

A

Swollen lymph
Fatigue
Chills
Night sweats

34
Q

Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma

A

Vary in malignancy according to nature and activity of normal cells
At least 10 types
Classified low to high grade
Cause unknown

35
Q

Multiple Myeloma

A

Malignant neoplasm of the bone marrow
Composed of plasma cells
Production of large amounts of protein
Increases viscosity of blood

36
Q

Multiple Myeloma S/S

A 
Destroys bone tissue causing
Pain – early
Fractures - early
Hypercalcemia
Skeletal deformities
37
Q

Multiple Myeloma

A

rare before 40

38
Q

Polycythemia

A

Increase in total RBC mass

39
Q

2 types of polycythemia

A

Secondary—due to hypoxia

Primary—due to unknown reasons

40
Q

Secondary Polycythemia

A

Naturally present in people who live or visit high altitude areas

41
Q

Primary Polycythemia

A

Polycythemia Vera
Condition occurs in those >50 years old
Increased blood production causes blood to thicken and cause hands and feet to have red-purple complexion

42
Q

Hemophilia

A

Group of inherited bleeding disorders

Loss of 1 of 13 clotting factors

43
Q

Type A and B hemophilia

A

A—loss of factor VIII – most common

B—loss of factor IX AKA Christmas disease

44
Q

Sickle Cell Disease

A

Sickle Hemoglobin has a flawed chemical structure that results in erythrocyte deformity when oxygen levels are low.
Chronic Sickle Cell = Chronic Hemolytic Anemia

45
Q

Sickle Cell S/S

A 
PAIN DUE TO HYPOXIA
EXCRUCIATING
BONY DEFORMITIES
Increased weakness
Aching
CP with SOB
Sudden severe abdominal pain
Icteric sclera
Fever
Arthralgia
46
Q

Sickle Cell (vaso-occlusive) Crisis

A 
DEHYDRATION
INFECTION
STRESS
TRAUMA
Exposure to temperature extremes
Hypoxia
Strenuous physical activity
47
Q

Sickle Cell Rx

A

Treatment – Pain management, oxygen, fluids, rest and normothermic temperature

Medical Block (20 decks)

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