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Immuno-Sero > Immune Regulation (RVSP) > Flashcards

Immune Regulation (RVSP) Flashcards

0
Q

What are the mechanisms of immunoenhancement/immunopotentiation?

A
  • increasing the rate at which the response occurs
  • elevating its magnitude
  • ncreasing the duration of the response
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1
Q

The augmentation of immune responsiveness by immunization or other means

A

Immunoenhancement/Immunopotentiation

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2
Q

Example of a nonspecific potentiator

A

Adjuvants

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3
Q

Substances that enhance the immunogenicity of molecules without altering their chemical composition

A

Adjuvants

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4
Q

3 ways an adjuvant enhances the immunogenicity of molecules

A
  • increase the efficiency of the macrophage processing of Ag
  • prolonging the exposure to an Ag
  • amplifying the proliferation of immunocompetent lymphocyte by enhancing lymphokine activity
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5
Q

Classic adjuvant used in experimental animals

A

Freund’s adjuvant

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6
Q

Emulsifying agent of Freund’s adjuvant

A

Paraffin or mineral oil

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7
Q

2 types of Freund’s adjuvant

A
  • Incomplete Freund’s adjuvant (IFA)

- Complete Freund’s adjuvant

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8
Q

Class of IFA

A

Water in oil with antigen

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9
Q

IFA increases _________ response about _________

A

Humoral Ab

100 fold

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10
Q

The IFA prolongs the phase of active Ig synthesis by ________

A

Months

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11
Q

What is in the Complete Freund’s adjuvant that is not present in IFA?

A

Mycobacterial cell wall components

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12
Q

The complete Freund’s adjuvant markedly increases ___ and ___

A

Humoral immunity

Cell-mediated immunity

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13
Q

3 types of specific potentiators

A

Helper factors
Immunogenic RNA
Transfer factors

HIT

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14
Q

Specific potentiator; secreted by T cells ff interaction of Ag specific receptor with its homologous epitope

A

Helper factors

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15
Q

Specific potentiator; an Ag specific dialyzable extract of immune T cells that is capable of transferring CMI

A

Transfer factors

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16
Q

Specific potentiator; extracted from lymphoid tissues following Ag injection

A

Immunogenic RNA

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17
Q

Specific potentiator; an Ag receptor complexed with cellular RNA which greatly increases immunogenicity of a molecule

A

Immunogenic RNA

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18
Q

Reduction in a large portion of immune responsiveness

A

Immunosupression

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19
Q

3 types of immunosupression

A

Physical means
Chemical and Biologic means
Immunosupression associated with diseases

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20
Q

2 physical means of immunosupression

A

Surgical manipulation

Ionizing radiation

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21
Q

Effect of surgical manipulation of bursa of Fabricius/thymus during neonatal period

A

Immunologic competence not developed in the corresponding cell line

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22
Q

Effect of surgical manipulation of bursa of Fabricius/thymus after immunologic development

A

Very little effect on immunologic competence

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23
Q

Peripheral lymphoid tissues removed in surgical mannipulation

A

Lymph nodes

Lymphoid cells

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24
Q

Organs damaged by ionizing radiation

A

Lymphoid organs

Bone marrow

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25
Q

3 chemical and biologic means of immunosupression

A

Lymphocytic agents
Lymphocytotoxic agents
Antibodies

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26
Q

Can track the expression of the immune response but more effective in disrupting the initian of the immune response

A

Lymphocytic agents

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27
Q

4 types of lymphocytotoxic agents

A

Antimetabolites
Alkylating agents
Antibiotics
Cortisone

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28
Q

Lymphocytotoxic agent; interferes with DNA synthesis

A

Antimetabolites

29
Q

Examples of antimetabolites

A

Purine and pyrimidine
Analogues
Folic acid antagonists

30
Q

Lymphocytotoxic agent; interferes with cell division by altering guanine so DNA base pairing errors occur

A

Alkylating agents

31
Q

Lymphocytotoxic agent; can crosslink DNA strands thus blocking replication

A

Alkylating agents

32
Q

Example of alkylating agent

A

Cyclophosphamide

33
Q

Lymphocytotoxic agent; supresses graft rejection reactions

A

Antibiotics

34
Q

Lymphocytotoxic agent; exerts an inhibitory effect on IL-2 action thus blocking the expansion of the helper/inducer T cell population

A

Antibiotics

35
Q

Example of antibiotics

A

Cyclosporin

36
Q

Lymphocytotoxic agent; immunosupressive & anti-inflammatory

A

Cortisone

37
Q

Lymphocytotoxic agent; lymphocytic to animals, not in humans; alters cell migration & causes lymphopenia & monocytopenia shortly after injection

A

Cortisone

38
Q

Abs that induce immune deficiency in transplant patients by supression of CMI

A

Abs that react with lymphoid cells particularly thymocytes

39
Q

Ab that blocks host IR

A

Preformed Abs followed by injection of specific Ag

40
Q

Abs that specifically abort a specific response

A

Abs specific for the Ag combining site

41
Q

2 congenital immunodeficiencies

A

Bruton’s agammaglobulinemia

DiGeorge syndrome

42
Q

Lymphocytes that fail to develop in Bruton’s agammaglobulinemia

A

B cells

43
Q

Recurrent infection in Bruton’s agammaglobulinemia

A

Bacterial infections

44
Q

What is the problem in DiGeorge sydrome?

A

Failure of the development of third and fourth pharyngeal pouches during embryogenesis

45
Q

Recurren infections in DiGeorge syndrome

A

Recurrent viral disease

46
Q

A malignancy that dirupts normal lymphocyte functions directly or may ‘crowd out’ normal lymphocytes from bone marrow & peripheral lymphoid tissues

A

Lymphomas

47
Q

Infection that causes a transient depression of CMI

A

Measles

48
Q

Infection that causes a profound immunosupression which renders the host susceptible to fatal infection from opportunistic pathogens

A

HIV

49
Q

Immunity that is most sensitive to nutritional deprivation

A

CMI

50
Q

Other components of immunity that are affected by malnutrition other than CMI

A

Humoral immunity
Complement
Phagocyte functions

51
Q

Immunosupression associated with diseases

A

Congenital immunodeficiencies
Malignancies
Infections
Malnutrition

52
Q

Absence of specific immune response in a fully competent person

A

Tolerance

53
Q

2 types of tolerance

A
  • Naturally acquired (autolerance, neonatal, natural tolerance)
  • Immune tolerance
54
Q

Escape from naturally acquired tolerance leads to

A

Autoimmune diseases

55
Q

When is the ability to recognize one’s own tissues acquired?

A

During fetal development

56
Q

Theory related to naturally acquired tolerance

A

Clonal deletion theory

57
Q

2 gradations of tolerance

A

Partial

Immune deviation/split tolerance

58
Q

Gradation of tolerance; unable to respond to some of the epitopes on the Ag but can respond to others

A

Partial

59
Q

Gradation of tolerance; one of the immune responses can be interferred with, but not another

A

Immune deviation/split tolerance

60
Q

4 pathways to B cell tolerance

A

Functional deletion
Antibody forming cell blockade
Cisnal abortion
Clonal exhaustion

61
Q

3 factors that determine the type of B cell tolerance

A

Maturity of the cell
Ag
Manner of Ag presentation

62
Q

Pathway to B cell tolerance; low conc of multivalent Ag may cause the immature clone to abort

A

Cisnal abortion

63
Q

Pathway to B cell tolerance; repeated antigenic challenge with T independent Ag may remove all mature B cell clones

A

Clonal exhaustion

64
Q

Pathway to B cell tolerance; absence of T helper cell with presence of T dependent Ag or an excess of T independent Ag prevents mature B cell from functioning properly

A

Functional deletion

65
Q

Pathway to B cell tolerance; high conc of T dependent Ag are blocking the receptors of the cells hereby interferring Ab secretions

A

Antibody forming cell blockade

66
Q

3 pathways to T cell tolerance

A

Clonal abortion
Functional deletion
T supression

67
Q

Pathway to T cell tolerance; immature T cell clones may be aborted in a similar manner to B cell

A

Clonal abortion

68
Q

Pathway to T cell tolerance; subsets of mature T cells may be individually deleted leading to the loss of only one of the functions of the T cell group

A

Functional deletion

69
Q

Pathway to T cell tolerance; supressor T cells actively supress the actions of the T cell subsets or B cells

A

T supression

Immuno-Sero (6 decks)

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