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Immunology Test #2 > Tumor Immunology > Flashcards

Tumor Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

Cause of Cancer

A

Accumulated mutations in genes that ocntrol cell growth and death

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2
Q

What do carcinogens do?

A

Induce mutations into DNA

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3
Q

T or F. Typically a single genetic abnormality will lead to cancer.

A

F. Accumulations of mutations tend to lead to cancer cell development

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4
Q

Why are some individuals more prone to develop cancer (even with comparable lifestyles to others)

A

Inherited mutations in genes that control DNA stability or growth (Ex. BRCA1, BRCA2)

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5
Q

Size of average tumor when first visible on Xray?

At death of patient?

A

10^8

10^12

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6
Q

Describe characteristics of a malignant tumor

A

Malignant cells are more aggressive in growth

Spread to nearby tissues/different organs through lymph and BV

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7
Q

What is a carcinoma?

A

Epithelial Cell Tumor

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8
Q

What is a leukemia?

A

Tumors of circulating cells

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9
Q

What is a lymphoma?

A

Solid tumor in lymph node

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10
Q

What is a myeloma?

A

Tumor of Bone marrow cells

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11
Q

What is a sarcoma?

A

Tumor of Connective Tissue Cells

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12
Q

Viruses associated with human cancers?

A 
Papillomavirus (Uterine Cervix)
Hepatitis B Virus (Liver Cancer)
Epstein Barr Virus (Burkitt's Lymphoma, B-Cell 
          Lymphoproliferative disease)
HTLV-1  (Adult T-cell Leukemia)
HIV-1  (Kaposi's Sarcoma)
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13
Q

How might viruses induce proliferation?

A

Blocking P53 and Rb

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14
Q

Can tumor cells grow in another person?

A

Usually, No.

Yes if the other person is the same MHC haplotype

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15
Q

Four immune cells responsible for finding tumors

A

CD4, CD8, NK cells, and B cells

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16
Q

What do T and B cells target in cancer?

A

Tumor antigens that are differentially expressed by tumor cells and normal cells

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17
Q

What are tumor specific antigens?

A

Mutant peptide presented in cancer cells that is distinct from normal healthy cells

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18
Q

What are tumor-associated antigens?

A
  1. Antigens brought about by reactivation of embryonic genes

2. 10X or more overexpression of self proteins

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19
Q

Give an important example of a tumor-specific shared antigen

A

Melanoma antigen - 1

Found on melanomas and other transformed cells

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20
Q

Give an important example of a tissue-specific antigen found on normal and transformed cells.

A

Tyrosinase

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21
Q

Give two examples of Oncofetal antigens

A 
Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA) -- Colon Cancer
Alpha-fetoprotein -- Liver and testis cancer
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22
Q

Give two examples of differentiation antigens

A

Common acute lymphoblastic leukemia antigen (CALLA/CD10) – Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia

PSA – Prostate Cancer

23
Q

Give an example of abnormal post-translational modification leading to cancer

A

Underglycosylation of Mucin caused by MUC-1 – Breast and Pancreas

24
Q

Give an example of a cancer with a mutated oncogene or tumor suppressor antigen.

A

Cyclin-dependent kinase 4 – Melanoma

25
Q

MART2. Name the disease, HLA restriction.

A

Melanoma. A1

26
Q

ME1. Name the disease, HLA restriction.

A

Non-small cell lung carcinoma. A2

27
Q

p53. Name the disease, HLA restriction.

A

Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma

A2

28
Q

KIA0205. Name the disease, HLA restriction.

A

Bladder

B44

29
Q

Trisephosphate isomerase. Name the disease, HLA restriction.

A

Melanoma

DR1

30
Q

BCR-ABL Fusion Protein. Name the disease, HLA restriction.

A

CML

DR4, B8, A2

31
Q

Five cells involved in cell mediated tumor response..

What do they do?

A 
CD4 -- Control other cells by cytokines
CD8 -- direct lysis
NK cells -- direct lysis
gd T cells -- cytokines and lysis
Eosinophils -- Degranulation
32
Q

Two important roles of Antibodies in tumoral response?

A

Facilitate NK cell mediated lysis of tumor cells

Activate complement reaction

33
Q

How does the body deal with tumors that lack MHC1 expression?

A

NK cells kill them

34
Q

How do dendritic cells present to both CD4 and CD8 T cells?

A

Dying tumor cell is taken in by both endocytosis and membrane fusion

35
Q

Give six methods Tumors can use to evade immune response

A
  1. Outgrowth of antigen-negative variants
  2. Loss/Reduction of MHC proteins
  3. Secretion of Immunosuppressive cytokines
  4. Induction of CTL apoptosis via FAS ligand
  5. Lack of Co-stimulatory signals
  6. Soluble tumor antigens (to induce tolerance)
36
Q

How common is removal of MHC 1 expression

A

30-50% of tumors

37
Q

Examples of immuno suppressive cytokines that might be secreted by tumors

A

TGF-beta TH2 cytokines (IL10)

38
Q

How might tumor cells that ditch their MHC1 continue to evade NK Cells?

A

Shedding of MHC Class I related Chain (MIC), a ligand of NKG2D (NK activating receptor)

39
Q

Describe MIC in tumor biology.

A

Normally elevated expression in tumor cells.
NKG2D on T cells and T cells bind it –> Kill Tumor

By cleaving MIC from surface, soluble can bind lymphocytes and not involve the tumor
Tumor can now survive and proliferate

40
Q

Actions of TGF-beta that support tumor growth?

A

Induce Tregs (inhibit CTL, release more TGF and IL-10)
Inhibit CTL
Inhibit TH1

41
Q

Five types of immunotherapy

A 
Non-specific stimulation
Active Immunization with tumor antigens
Cytokine therapy
Adoptive cellular monotherapy
Anti-tumor antibodies (coupled to cytotoxins/radioiso)
42
Q

Example of Non-specific adjuvant therapy.

A

Injecting killed mycobacterium (BCG) into bladder to treat superficial bladder cancer

43
Q

How might non-specific adjuvant therapy work?

A

Bacterial products increase T cell Response

Induce co-stimulation molecules and MHC molecules of APCs

44
Q

How can antibodies against tumor antigens be used?

A

Immunotoxins and induction of ADCC by NK cells

45
Q

Explain what is meant by tumor vaccines.

A

Tumors taken at surgery are manipulated ex vivo – used as vaccine. Made to express B7, GM-CSF, or IL12 in tumor cell

Also…tumor antigens can be used (ex. CEA)

46
Q

What is dendritic cell therapy?

A

Patient Dendritic cells are isolated and loaded with tumor antigen in vitro. Cells are injected into patients to boost anti-tumor T cell response

47
Q

What happens in T cell therapy?

A

Patients T cells are activated in vitro with tumor antigens and cytokines, inject back into patients

48
Q

What is Sipuleucel-T/Provenge?

A

A cancer vaccine for prostate cancer

Patient Blood->DC + Fusion protein with PAP and GM-CSF-> infusion into patient

49
Q

Explain monoclonal antibody treatment with Rituxan

A

Anti-CD20 antibodies to target non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma

50
Q

Name two types of radiolabeled antibodies used to detect cancer

A

Oncoscint – Colorectal + Ovarian

Prostascint – Prostate

51
Q

Explain how antigen-GM-CSF fusion proteins work?

A

Patient Monocytes are cultured with fusion protein of GM-CSF and PAP
Induces DC development, PAP presented on MHCII
Activated cells infused into patient, present to T cells

52
Q

How does Anti-CTLA4 antibody work in cancer treatment?

A

If B7 binds CD28, activation
If B7 binds CTLA4, anergy
Antibody blocks CTLA4, so any TCR binding will result in activation

53
Q

Explain chimeric antigen receptor-transduced T cells

A

Chimeric receptor is added to T cells by R-Trans activity
T cells can now bind with Ab domain
T cell killing power with B cell targeting skills

Immunology Test #2 (8 decks)

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