Foot and Ankle

Question 1

What is hallux valgus?

Answer 1

deformity of big toe

caused by medial deviation of 1st metatarsal and lateral deviation of toe itself

Question 2

Is hallux valgus commoner in males or females?

Answer 2

females

Question 3

Is hallux valgus commoner in RA?

Answer 3

yes

Question 4

What is the inflamed bursa over the medial 1st metatarsal head called?

Answer 4

bunion

Question 5

Treatment of hallux valgus?

Answer 5

better footwear

osteotomy to realign bones

Question 6

What is hallux rigidus?

Answer 6

OA of first MTPJ

Question 7

Conservative treatment of hallux rigidus?

Answer 7

wearing stiff soled shoes/metal bar in sole

Question 8

What is the gold standard of surgery of hallux rigidus?

Answer 8

arthrodesis

Question 9

What does arthrodesis prevent for women?

Answer 9

high heel wearing

Question 10

Name the condition where plantar interdigital nerves become subjected to repeated trauma, causing them to become inflamed and swollen, forming a neuroma?

Answer 10

Morton’s neuroma

Question 11

What do patient’s complain of in Morton’s neuroma?

Answer 11

burning pain

tingling radiating into toes

Question 12

Who are more likely to get Morton’s neuroma and what is a cause?

Answer 12

women

high heels

Question 13

Where is Morton’s neuroma found?

Answer 13

between 3rd and 4rth toes

Question 14

What may clinical examination of Morton’s neuroma reveal?

Answer 14

loss of sensation in affected web space

compression of metatarsal heads may produce click

Question 15

Conservative managemtn of Morton’s neuroma?

Answer 15

metatarsal pad/offloading sole

steroid/anaesthetics for symptom control

Question 16

What may be used to diagnose Mrton’s neuroma?

Answer 16

ultrasound to demonstrate swollen nerve

Question 17

What can cause tendonitis of the Achilles tendon?

Answer 17

repetitive strain from sports

Question 18

Which drugs may predispose to tendonitis.

Answer 18

Quinolones

Question 19

Treatment for tendonitis of the Achilles tendon?

Answer 19

rest, physio, use of heel raise

usually self limiting

Question 20

Should steroids be injected in tendonitis of Achilles tendon#?

Answer 20

no, risk of rupture

Question 21

What kind of pain occurs in tendon rupture?

Answer 21

sudden, like being shot

Question 22

What is Simmonds test?

Answer 22

checking to see if plantarflexion of foot is seen whaen squeezing the calk

Question 23

What is plantar fasciitis?

Answer 23

pain felt with walking at origin of aponeurosis on distal plantar aspect of calcaneal tuberosity

Question 24

Is flat foot normaly?

Answer 24

can be a normal variation affecting up to 20% of population where medial arch does not develop in childhood

Question 25

What can cause acquired flat foot?

Answer 25

tibialis posterior tendon injury, RA or diabetes with Charcot foot

Question 26

Where does the tibialis posterior tendon insert predominantly onto?

Answer 26

medial navicular, serves to support medial arch

Question 27

How should tibialis posterior tendonitis be treated?

Answer 27

splint with medial arch support to avoid rupture

Question 28

What is pes cavus?

Answer 28

abnormally high arch of foot

Question 29

What often accompanies pes cavus?

Answer 29

claw toes

Question 30

Why do claw and hammer toes occur?

Answer 30

acquired imbalance between flexor and extensor tendons

Question 31

What can prevent skin problems in claw/hammer toes?

Answer 31

toe sleeves/corn plasters