Chapter 4

Question 0

What are the characteristics of a good scientific theory?

Answer 0

They are logically consistent.
It’s testable and can be refuted.
It shows relationships among variables.
It’s objective.

Question 1

What is a scientific theory?

Answer 1

A scientific theory answers questions about observations and reveal relationships about the real world.

Question 2

What does logically consistent mean?

Answer 2

Logical consistency issue up of two definitions, concepts and operation definition. Defining the concept as clearly as possible will help measure the concept.

Question 3

What is a concept?

Answer 3

It’s a explanation that describes a group of individuals in certain class with phrases, words or ideas.

Question 4

What is a operational definition?

Answer 4

Concepts in a theory that are allowed to be observed and measured.

Question 5

What is the operational definition?

Answer 5

Concepts in a theory that are allowed to be observed and measured.

Question 6

What is a testable theory?

Answer 6

Comparing the interactions with two or more variables help to observe the accuracy of theories and hypotheses which can be disapproved if wrong or not.

Question 7

What is a hypotheses?

Answer 7

Testable ideas about the world that can be observed and disapproved.

Question 8

What is the principle of falsification?

Answer 8

A scientific theory must lead to testable hypotheses that can be disapproved if they are wrong.

Question 9

How would we make sure a theory is valid and reliable?

Answer 9

we make sure the measure reflects the content of the study and contains consistency that produces the same results over and over again without using bias

Question 10

What is validity?

Answer 10

The measure reflects the phenomenon under study.

Question 11

What is reliability?

Answer 11

A measure that consistently produces the same results repetitively.

Question 12

What is bias?

Answer 12

A personal or unreliable data, such as not telling the truth, that can distort and misrepresent the true nature of a study.

Question 13

How does theories show relationships amongst variables?

Answer 13

Coming up with a correlation between multiple variables which shows casual relationships. And spurious relationships.

Question 14

What is a correlation?

Answer 14

When two or more variables are associated with one another.

Question 15

What is a casual relationship?

Answer 15

A relationship between two variables in which one is the cause of the other.

Question 16

What is a spurious relationship?

Answer 16

A correlation between two or more variables that produces a factor not being studied.

Question 17

What is objectivity?

Answer 17

The ability to represent an object of study without personal bias. To achieve objectivity we must use the falsification principal that proves our ideas wrong.

Question 18

What is replication?

Answer 18

It’s used for verification and refuting previous studies.

Question 19

What is research strategy?

Answer 19

Guides work through a well thought out plan.

Question 20

What are research methods?

Answer 20

Gathering data through techniques like questionnaires, experiments, or surveys.

Question 21

What is a sample?

Answer 21

In a survey, s subset or a portion of the larger population selected to represent the whole.

Question 22

What is random Sampling?

Answer 22

A non bias method in which everyone is selected for a study.

Question 23

What is fieldwork?

Answer 23

Also known as ethnography, it’s a on field study to described a group or community.

Question 24

What is a interview?

Answer 24

I depth conversation to obtain information about a person or her activities.

Question 25

What is a leading question?

Answer 25

A question elicits a particular response.

Question 26

What is a detached observation?

Answer 26

Researching from a distance without being involved.

Question 27

Participant observation?

Answer 27

A combination of active participation a and detached.

Question 28

What is an experiment?

Answer 28

It’s a research technique under controlled conditions.

Question 29

What is a controlled group?

Answer 29

The group that receives no special treatment in a experiment.

Question 30

What is statistical data?

Answer 30

Government, business, and other organizations information for research.

Question 31

How are theories objective?

Answer 31

Research could still have biases and passions that may object their research.

Question 31

What is a survey?

Answer 31

Research method that helps understand characteristics, opinions and behaviors through interviewing or questionnaires.

Question 32

What is a document analyst?

Answer 32

The analyst of written materials: previous studies, newspaper reports, court records, and other forms of text produced by individuals, government and other sources.

Question 33

What is a historical research?

Answer 33

Research based on historical documents.

Question 34

What are the steps of the scientific theory

DRFCDS

Answer 34

Defining the problem
Reviewing the literature 
Formulating a hypotheses
Collecting and analyzing data 
Developing a conclusion
Sharing the results.

Question 35

What is s independent variable?

Answer 35

The variable that causes or influence the other

Question 36

What is a dependent variable?

Answer 36

Caused by or influenced by the independent variable.

Question 37

What are the code of ethics and who wrote them?

Answer 37

Frank E. Hagen wrote them 
Protecting subjects 
Respecting agreements 
Reporting research finding 
Preserving confidentiality