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Pediatrics > Multiple Cardiac Anomalies > Flashcards

Multiple Cardiac Anomalies Flashcards

1
Q

Cor Triatriatum

A
  • cor triatriatum is a heart with 3 apparent atria (tri-atrial heart)
  • congenital anomaly in which the left atrium (cor triatriatum sinistrum) or right atrium (cor triatriatum dextrum) is divided into 2 parts by a fold of tissue, a membrane, or a fibromuscular band
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2
Q

Cor Triatriatum The membrane that separates the atrium into 2 parts varies significantly

A

significantly in size and shape.

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3
Q

Cor Triatriatum may be

A

▫ a diaphragm
▫ funnel-shaped, bandlike, entirely intact (imperforate)
▫ contains 1 or more openings (fenestrations) ranging from small, restrictive-type to large and widely open.

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4
Q

Cor Triatriatum dextrum

A

Right Atrial • extremely rare

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5
Q

Cor Triatriatum sinistrum

A
  • Left Atrial

* Misdiagnosed frequently as asthma, mitral stenosis or obstructed pulmonary venous return

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6
Q

Pathophysiolology

• Cor -Triatriatum sinistrum

A

Current theory holds that cor triatriatum sinistrum occurs when the common pulmonary vein fails to incorporate the pulmonary circulation into the left atrium.
• The result is a septum-like structure that divides the left atrium into 2 compartments.

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7
Q

cor triatriatum Cases have been reported in which

A

1 or 2 pulmonary veins drain into the proximal (accessory) chamber and the others drain directly into the true LA.
• Others believe that the membrane dividing the left atrium is an abnormal growth of the septum primum.

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8
Q

Cor triatriatum dextrum patho

A

During embryogenesis, the original embryologic RA forms the trabeculated anterior portion of the RA
• Complete persistence of the right sinus valve of embryonic life results in separation of the smooth and trabeculated portions of the right atrium and constitutes cor triatriatum dextrum. This forms a sheet that serves to direct the oxygenated venous return from the IVC across the foramen ovale to the left side of the heart.

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9
Q

Chiari network.

A

the foramen ovale to the left side of the heart. If this membrane is fenestrated and weblike,

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10
Q

he morbidity and mortality of cor triatriatum sinistrum

A

is high in those who are symptomatic in infancy.
▫ -this is due to the severely restrictive opening in the accessory membrane and the association with major cyanotic or acyanotic congenital heart lesions.

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11
Q

sinustrum Mortality may exceed

A

75% in untreated symptomatic infants.

• Severe obstruction = poor prognosis

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12
Q

Surgery Notes

A

• Performed soon after diagnosis • Median sternotomy • CPB + XC • XC time is short

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13
Q

CPB Considerations: Cannulation

A

As with ASD’s/VSD’s: • Aortic Arterial cannulation
• Bicaval cannulation: (open procedure) • Procedure will be quick if the Pulmonary Veins are
not involved
• Mild to “drift” cooling
• Circulatory arrest if a small child or Pulmonary veins involved

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14
Q

Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)

A

the ductus arteriosus fails to close normally in an infant soon after birth.
• Leads to abnormal blood flow between the aorta and pulmonary artery (A-P shunt),

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15
Q

PDA Flow

A

• Allows antegrade flow from the RV to aorta prior to birth
• If closes: All flow out the aorta • If open: shunt Ao-PA (L->R due to ↓ PVR)
PDA size determines flow and Qp/QS
Extensive aortic runoff w/low aortic diastolic pressure will cause organ hypoperfusion

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16
Q

Patent Ductus Arteriosis

• -affects

A

girls more often than boys.

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17
Q

PDA COMMON ON

A

premature infants and those with
neonatal respiratory distress syndrome.
• -seen in Down’s syndrome
• -common in babies with congenital heart problems, such as hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS), transposition of the great vessels (TGV/TGA), and pulmonary stenosis

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18
Q

If a large PDA is not corrected, then the pressures in the pulmonary arteries may become very high do to volume from the aorta.

A

If a large PDA is not corrected, then the pressures in the pulmonary arteries may become very high do to volume from the aorta.

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19
Q

• Shunt reversal can occur in PDA and is called

A

Eisenmenger’s syndrome”, a condition which may result from several similar abnormalites.

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20
Q

closing the PDA

• The goal of treatment, if the rest of circulation is normal or close to normal

A

is to close the PDA.
▫ In the presence of certain other heart problems, such as HLHS the PDA may actually be lifesaving and medicine may be used to prevent it from closing.

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21
Q

Sometimes, a PDA may close on

A

its own. Premature babies have a high rate of closure within the first 2 years of life. In full-term infants, a PDA rarely closes on its own after the first few weeks.

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22
Q

closing the PDA

• CATH:

A

A transcatheter device closure is a minimally invasive procedure that uses a thin, hollow tube. The doctor passes a small metal coil or other blocking device through the catheter to the site of the PDA. This blocks blood flow through the vessel. Such endovascular coils have been used successfully as an alternative to surgery.

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23
Q

closing the PDA: OR

A

Surgery may be needed if the catheter procedure does not work or cannot be used. Surgery involves making a small cut between the ribs (thoracotomy) to tie off the PDA.

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24
Q

Surgical Correction keeping the duct open

A

Exogenous prostaglandins can be used to artificially extend the patency of the ductus in neonates where bypassing the defective vessel or continued mixing of oxygenated and unoxygenated blood is needed to provide adequate systemic circulation.
• Prostaglandin E1 (PGE1),is known pharmaceutically as alprostadil

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25
Q

Surgical Correction keeping the duct open

• PGE1 is routinely used

A

In infants with ductus- dependent cardiac lesions to improve circulation prior to balloon atrial septostomy or surgery.

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26
Q

therapy with PGE1 IS CONTINUED

A

is continued until balloon atrial septostomy or cardiac surgery is done.

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27
Q

In most infants, the ductus will reopen

A

within 30 minutes to 2 hours after starting PGE1

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28
Q

CPB CONSIDERATIONS PDA

A

Not a pump case when existing alone ▫ Done in NICU/Peds ICU
• Frequently seen with other anomalies in surgery • An atrial septectomy may have to be done if the
balloon procedure fails • Done immediately with TAPVR, HLHS

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29
Q

Goals of Palliative Shunts:

A

Increase pulmonary blood flow Decrease pulmonary artery blood flow
Improve mixing Reduce ventricular work

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30
Q

Shunts to Increase Pulmonary Blood Flow:Classic Blalock-Taussig shunt

A

Subclavian to PA

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31
Q

Shunts to Increase Pulmonary Blood Flow:Modified Blalock-Taussig shunt

A

(gore-tex graft)
• • • •
Subclavian to PA

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32
Q

Shunts to Increase Pulmonary Blood Flow:Central

A

Ascending aorta to main PA (gore tex graft)

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33
Q

Shunts to Increase Pulmonary Blood Flow:Waterston

A

Ascending aorta to RPA

34
Q

Shunts to Increase Pulmonary Blood Flow:POTTS

A

Descending aorta to LPA

35
Q

Shunts to Increase Pulmonary Blood Flow:Brock

A

Pulmonary valvotomy, closed

36
Q

Shunts to decrease pulmonary artery blood flow :

A

• PA Banding

37
Q

Shunts to Increase Mixing: blalock hanlon

A

blade septectomy – cath lab procedure

38
Q

Shunts to Increase Mixing: rashkind

A

balloon septostomy

39
Q

Shunts to Increase Mixing: open atrial septectomy

A

usually a concomitant procedure

40
Q

Balloon Septostomy (Palliation)

A

Balloon septostomy is the widening of a foramen ovale, (PFO), or ASD via cardiac cath (or bedside) using a balloon)
• This procedure allows a greater amount of oxygenated blood to enter the circulation (IMPROVES MIXING)

41
Q

Shunts to Decrease Ventricular Work:

A

• Bi-Directional Glenn Shunt

42
Q

ALCAPA

A

Anomalous left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery (ALCAPA) rare malformation in which the left coronary artery originates from the pulmonary artery

43
Q

ALCAPA leads to

A

evere coronary hypoperfusion and left ventricular dysfunction when PVR falls in the postnatal period.

44
Q

In fetal/early neonatal life, the left coronary artery (LCA) from the pulmonary artery (PA) is well tolerated because:

A

PAP = systemic pressure (leading to antegrade flow in both the anomalous LCA and the normal RCA)

45
Q

ALCAPA When PAP < Systemic pressure

A

(flow in the LCA decreases and then reverses, which leads to myocardial ischemia and infarction)

46
Q

ALCAPA As long as PVR is high,

A

coronary perfusion is maintained (even if the anomalous artery carries desaturated blood coming from the pulmonary artery. When pulmonary artery pressure falls, perfusion of the left coronary artery becomes inadequate.)

47
Q

ALCAPA If the LCA is dominant

A

nd if intercoronary collaterals are inadequate, severe left ventricular dysfunction with ischemic mitral regurgitation develops; the prognosis is poor

48
Q

ALCAPA if the RCA is dominant

A

and if collaterals develop efficiently, normal LCA perfusion may be maintained while left-to-right shunt from the right coronary artery to the left coronary artery and the pulmonary artery progressively increases;

49
Q

Surgical correction performed on making a diagnosis of ALCAPA syndrome

A

diagnosis of ALCAPA syndrome is considered to be the standard treatment.

50
Q

ALCAPA The aim of surgery is to

A

restore a two-coronary- artery circulation system

51
Q

ALCAPA Technique I:

A

Coronary Reimplantation

52
Q

ALCAPA technique 2:

A

Takeuchi procedure. A transpulmonary baffle between the coronary ostium in the PA and the Ao is created.
• Baffles (tunnels) blood across AortaPA

53
Q

ALCAPA cpb considerations cannulation hypothermia lv vent

A

Aortic Arterial cannulation • Bicaval cannulation: (open procedure)
• Hypothermia: Normothermic cardiopulmonary bypass • although moderate hypothermia may be necessary to allow
low flow bypass if needed
• LV Vent: a left ventricular vent is inserted through the superior right pulmonary vein (RSPV) and both pulmonary arteries are snared to avoid runoff of coronary perfusion into the pulmonary circulation.

54
Q

ALCAPA CPB Considerations

• Cardioplegia:

A

Aortic root + ostial:
• The first cardioplegic administration is performed in the aortic root (and thus right coronary artery) and it is completed by direct administration into the anomalous LCA (ostial)
• Both RCA and LCA ostial are given for maintenance doses

55
Q

ALCAPA COMING OFF BYPASS

A

It is very useful to create a small atrial septal defect as a way to unload the failing left ventricle during the early postoperative period.
• After aortic unclamping, a LA line is inserted and weaning from cardiopulmonary bypass is prepared.
• However, cardiopulmonary bypass must be prolonged for a while until left atrial pressure (which is initially high) reaches an acceptably low level, allowing weaning with a moderate inotropic support.
• If this is not the case, a left heart VAD or ECMO must be done to allow cardiac assistance for a few days until left ventricular function recovers enough to allow weaning in good hemodynamic conditions.

56
Q

Vascular Rings Double Aortic Arch. Trachea and esophagus are

A

encircled by vascular structures

57
Q

Vascular Rings Double Aortic Arch• Right arch (posterior)

A

Right common carotid ▫ Right subclavian

58
Q

Vascular Rings Double Aortic ArchLeft aortic arch (anterior)

A

Left common carotid ▫ Left subclavian

59
Q

Vascular Rings Double Aortic Arch surgical correction

A

Surgical division of the vascular ring is indicated in any patient with symptoms of airway or esophageal compression and in patients undergoing surgery for repair of associated cardiovascular or thoracic anomalies

60
Q

vascular ring Surgical Correction

• The chest is entered

A

between the fourth and fifth rib (thoracotomy) (as in the operation for PDA or aortic
coarctation)

61
Q

vascular ring Surgical Correction. Upon dissecting the arches off the trachea and esophagus,

A

the arches can be divided. After division the two aortic ends are oversewn with 2 running layers of non-absorbable sutures

62
Q

vascular ring Surgical Correction. Additional relief can be obtained by

A

stitching the lateral wall of the aorta to the adjacent rib to pull it away from the esophagus.

63
Q

vascular ring cpb considerations

A

Incision: left lateral thoracotomy • CPB: Off pump

64
Q

Interrupted Aortic Arch (IAA) is

A

the absence or discontinuation of a portion of the aortic arch.

65
Q

Interrupted Aortic Arch is thought to be

A

a result of faulty development of the aortic arch system during the fifth to seventh week of fetal development. This defect is almost always associated with a large VSD.

66
Q

Interrupted Aortic Arch (IAA)

• 3 types: based on

A

the site of aortic interruption:

•

67
Q

Interrupted Aortic Arch (IAA) type A

A

Interrupted left aortic arch: the arch interruption occurs distal to the origin of the left subclavian artery.

68
Q

Interrupted Aortic Arch (IAA) TYPE B

A

interrupted left aortic arch, the interruption occurs distal to the origin of the left common carotid artery.

69
Q

Interrupted Aortic Arch (IAA) TYPE C

A

interrupted left aortic arch, the interruption
occurs proximal to the origin of the left common
carotid artery.

70
Q

interrupted aortic arch can coexist

A

with any ventriculoarterial alignment

71
Q

Interrupted Aortic Arch (IAA. During fetal development, left ventricular output supplies the

A

arterial circulation proximal to the interruption whereas right ventricular output supplies arterial circulation distal to the interruption via the left ductus arteriosus.

72
Q

Interrupted Aortic Arch (IAA.) Postnatally,

A

this arrangement continues, with the addition of the pulmonary blood flow to the load of the left ventricle.

73
Q

Approximately one half of patients with interrupted aortic arch have a

A

hemizygous deletion of a 1.5-3 Mb region of chromosome band 22q11.2, the most common deletion syndrome in humans

74
Q

Surgical Correction- IAA

A

Surgical reconstruction of the arch is now relatively straightforward;
▫ attention is increasingly focused on the preoperative identification and surgical management of the aortic valve and subaortic stenosis found in approximately one half of cases.

75
Q

IAA CPB Considerations: Cannulation

A

• Arterial: uses 2 aortic cannula: The arterial line
is “Y’d” to allow 2 identical cannula (i.e. 2 - 8fr.)
to be used to ensure an even split of flow
▫ Circulation is divided into upper and lower body • Venous: Single Venous
• Hypothermia: DHCA to allow arch and head vessel reconstruction (rarely antegrade cerebral and retrograde cerebral perfusion since head vessels rarely have to be cut off)

76
Q

IAA CPB Considerations:

• Hypothermia:

A

DHCA to allow arch and head vessel reconstruction (rarely antegrade cerebral and retrograde cerebral perfusion since head vessels rarely have to be cut off)

77
Q

IAA cardioplegia

A

The first cardioplegic administration is performed in the aortic root.
• Subsequent doses may be ostial

78
Q

Aortic Coarctation Etiology

A

Coarctation is due to an abnormality in development of the embryologic left fourth and sixth aortic arches
• Congenital narrowing with varying degrees of hypoplasia can exist

79
Q

Surgical Correction-coarctation

A

Balloon Aortoplasty

80
Q

coarctation Surgical Correction

• Four predominant repairs:

A
  1. Left subclavian patch angioplasty • 2. Resection: End-to-end anastamosis • 3. Subclavian translocation • 4. Patch angioplasty
81
Q

coarctation CPB Considerations

A

Incision: posterior left lateral thoracotomy • Aorta is clamped, cut and re-sewn off CPB • CPB: Off pump standby or LHB

82
Q

In rare cases of severe coarctation

A

left heart bypass can be utilized from LA to descending aorta

Pediatrics (14 decks)

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