363 revision Kristie Woods Flashcards
(127 cards)
1
Q
Average Scores
A
Mean
2
Q
Middle Score
A
Median
3
Q
Most common Score
A
mode
4
Q
The distance between the highest and lowest score
A
range
5
Q
extreme score
A
outlier
6
Q
a bell curve shows the _________ distribution
A
normal
7
Q
many low or high scores would result in a _________ curve
A
skewed
8
Q
A flat topped or flattened curve is called a
A
kurtosis
9
Q
Descriptive statistics
A
summarises the data
10
Q
Mean, median and mode are examples of
A
statistics
11
Q
Quantitative data is
A
numerical
12
Q
normal distribution portrayed on a bell curve as
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symmetrical
13
Q
Difference between interval and ratio measures
A
ratio has an absolute zero
14
Q
Qualitative research data collection can be
A
staged or simultaneous
15
Q
one method of data analysis in qualitative research
A
circling and parking
16
Q
the results section of a research paper gives the results of data analysis but no
A
conclusions
17
Q
in qualitative research, data collection is often broken down into
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codes and themes
18
Q
In qualitative research , the researcher must ensure the _______________ of data collection and analysis
A
trustworthiness
19
Q
a _______ scale is an example of an ordinal measure
A
likert
20
Q
Qualitative researchers must ensure the _____________ of their data collection and analysis
A
auditability
21
Q
in qualitative research , trustworthiness of data collected can be ensured by ___________ with participants
A
member checking
22
Q
more than one method of data collection in qualitative research is called
A
triangulation
23
Q
in qualitative research, data might include taped interviews , and ___________ of participants in their natural situation
A
observations
24
Q
Population
A
well defined group with specific characteristics
all individuals the researcher in interested in studying
25
Sample
subset of overall population
26
Sampling unit
list of population elements / individuals
27
Element
most basic unit (each individual person)
28
Main purpose of sampling
- increase efficiency to study
- minimise bias
- so we can use the results
- can put the results back to the population
29
Sampling
process of selection of study subjects
30
2 major headings in which sampling falls
Probability and Non-probability Sampling
31
advantages of simple random sampling
no researcher bias
maximises representatives
32
aim of stratified sampling
to increase representativeness of sample
population divided into subsets
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cluster sampling
random sampling of units clusters
| Goes from big to small. (states in aust / cities / households)
34
systematic sampling
randomly chosen at fixed intervals
35
disadvantages of non probability sampling
less rigorous
limits generalisation to population
less accurate
36
Major types of non-probability sampling
- convenience
- quota
- purposive
- snowball
- theoretical
37
Convenience sampling (non probability )
uses most readily available subjects
easy / inexpensive
^ risk of bias
very common in clinical research
38
Snowball sampling (non-probability)
uses original participants social networks
39
Quota sampling (non- probability )
used to access subgroups.
| goal: to make more representative
40
Purposive sampling (non probability )
intentional selection
handpicked
goal : to focus on a particular aspect of phenomenon
41
Four Qualitative data collection methods
Direct : spoken or written words / observations / body language / actions / interactions
Indirect : documents / photos /
Interviews / Journal entries / observations / examine documents
42
evidence based nursing practice
```
using :
- best available research evidence
- clinical expertise
- patient preferences
In the context of existing resources
```
43
Why is EBP practice important
| ?
- accountability
- professional standards
- clinical competency and safety
- improved practice and service
- apply research to the real world
44
Evidence - Non research based
Tradition and Authority
Intuition
Trial and Error
Reasoning
45
Definition of Research
FORMAL , RIGOROUS and PRECISE process of INQUIRING that is PLANNED and SYSTEMATIC
46
Systematic Reviews
summarise findings of quantitative studies (usually)
47
Meta analysis
incorporates systematic reviews of the literature
Uses statistics to draw conclusions
Used when reviewing studies / testing interventions
48
The Research Process :
| Defines the problem , formulates aim/question
Introduction / background
49
The Research Process :
| Develop plan for research and implement plan
Methodology
50
The Research Process :
| Document the findings of data analysis
Results / findings
51
The Research Process :
| Interpret the findings / draw conclusions and make recommendations
Discussion / conclusion
52
What is the abstract in a report
```
summarises a research report
Includes : Background
Research question
findings
conclusions
```
Use the abstract to see if it MAY answer your question
53
What does the abstract consist of
Background
research question
findings
conclusions
54
What does the introduction consist of
```
what we need to know
what we already know
what research needs to be done
what the study aims to do
central concepts / phenomena
review of literature
need for the study
why it was carried out the way it was
```
55
What does the Methodology consist of
research design
sample selection
procedures / data collection methods
data analysis
56
Quantitative Design
- Statistical analysis
- hypothesis
- control / control group
- survey
- variables measured by tools
- reliability
- objectivity
57
Quantitative Research
- a PARTIAL picture of a phenomenon of interest
- Research :NUMERICAL
Researcher is AT ARMS LENGTH from data collection
- VALIDITY has a specific meaning
58
Qualitative Design
- No numbers
-Subjective
- no control of phenomenon
Focus : understanding complexity of people within context of their lives
59
Qualitative Research
- a COMPLETE picture of a phenomenon of interest
- Research : words / not numerical
- Researcher : NON at ARMS LENGTH from data collection
- RIGOR has specific meaning
60
Results on research paper
what the data SAYS / NOT what it means
Stats - quantitative
Summary themes / concepts - qualitative
61
Discussion on research paper
a SUMMARY of key findings
Comparisons - to other studies ?
Speculations - why these results ?
Implications for practice - makes suggestions for practice
62
RIGOR - Qualitative
Trustworthiness / confirmability
| Transferability / credibility
63
VALIDITY and RELIABILITY - Quantitative
measurement : reliability /validity
| Design : Internal and External validity
64
Research Design
provides framework to answer question
ensues answer will be meaningful and accurate
ensures RIGOR and VALIDITY
65
Research Design identifies :
How subjects / participants will be recruited
What will happen during the study
How data will be analysed
When the study will end
66
Purpose of Qualitative research
to UNDERSTAND personal experiences / interpretations - from the participants view
help to understand naturally occurring social phenomena
explore ATTITUDES / BELIEFS / VALUES / EXPERIENCES
RESEARCHER - impacts and is part of the research process
67
Researcher in Qualitative Design
- Visible in research process
- Spends time in the field
- Personal contact and insight
68
Types of Qualitative Research :
```
> Descriptive Exploratory
> Phenomenology
> Grounded Theory
> Ethnography
> Historical
```
69
Types of Qualitative Research : Descriptive Exploratory
- not a specific approach
- Generalised approach
- RICH NARRATIVE DATA
- Describes situations
70
Types of Qualitative Research : Phenomenology
MOST COMMON
- Studies natural phenomena in their natural setting
- Aims to Describe the experience / lived experience
- In depth interviews
71
Types of Qualitative Research : Grounded Theory
Examines processes
Examines interrelationships among concepts to develop a theory
SOCIAL processes
72
Types of Qualitative Research : Ethnography
Understand the CULTURE of a group of people
| Researcher is immersed in the culture
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Types of Qualitative Research : Historical
Examines past as perceived at the time. WHAT happened in the past - trying to relate to now
74
RIGOR in Qualitative Research
Trustworthiness
Confirmability
Transferability
Credibility
"the honesty of the researcher and the honesty of the data collected"
75
What does PICO stand for
P - population / patient
I- Intervention
C - Comparison or control
O - outcome
76
Quantitative Research Design :
- involves plan for gathering data
- HOW subjects recruited
- WHAT will happen during study
- HOW data will be analysed
- WHEN study will end
77
Types of Quantitative Research :
- Descriptive
- Correlational
- Quasi-experimental
- Experimental
78
Types of Quantitative Research : Descriptive
- accurate portrayal of phenomenon of interest
- used to answer research question that seeks to DESCRIBE
- may use - observations / surveys / questionnaires and interviews
79
Types of Quantitative Research : Correlational
used to answer questions that seek to LINK or CONNECT
enables examination of relationship between 2 or more variables and comparisons between groups
- used to quantify strengths of relationship between variables
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Types of Quantitative Research : Quasi-experimental
experimental treatment manipulated
| Natural experiment
81
Types of Quantitative Research : Experimental
Involves observations and data collection with specific criteria and protocols
3 Identifying properties
- Randomisation
- Control
- Manipulation
Used to test cause and effect in relationships (RCTS )
82
Variable
aspect of interest that differs among different people / situations
83
Independent Variable
Manipulated ( CAUSE )
84
Dependent Variable
Measured ( EFFECT )
85
Research problem :
knowledge gap that needs filling
86
hypothesis
a prediction about relationship between 2 or more variables in study
MUST BE TESTABLE
"Does the independent variable cause a change in the dependent "
87
Statement of hypothesis should include
1. variables in the hypothesis
2. population being studied
3. predicted outcome of hypothesis
88
Sampling Goals : Qualitative
find best sources of data relevant to study aim / objectives
- obtain insight into phenomenon of interest
89
Sampling Goals : Quantitative
- obtain sample representative of population of interest
| - obtain sample that allows effects of specific variables to be distinguished from other variables.
90
Sample size : QUANTITATIVE
- determined BEFORE study
- number of factors influence size (cost / design)
- POWER ANALYSIS - mathematical strategy which allows researcher to determine sample size needed to detect real relationship
91
Sample size : QUALITATIVE
- does not usually begin with predetermined size
- no formal criteria for determining size
- no rules about small / large enough
RICHNESS of data more important
8-15 variable
92
2 ways in which error can be introduced
Data collection
| Data analysis
93
Credibility
confidence in truth of findings
94
Auditability
accountability of researchers
| use audit trail
95
Transferability
extent in which findings are applicable to different population
96
Confirmability
consistency and repeatability
97
Reliability
consistency of a measure
98
Validity
accuracy / correctness of a measure
99
Internal Validity
whether the intervention has a measurable effect on the outcome. (Independent variable has effect on dependent)
100
External Validity
generalisability of findings to other populations / settings
101
Declaration of Helsinki
1964
Duty to protect life, health, privacy and dignity
102
Nuremburg Code
1946
- voluntary consent
- protect subjects from harm
- benefits vs risks
- qualified researchers
103
Informed consent
- no coercion / implied
- participants given enough info
- info should be understandable to participants
- right to withdrawal
- assurance of confidentiality
- describe risks v benefits
- study aim / purpose
104
Privacy
concealment of all matters related to participants
| involves protecting anonymity and confidentiality
105
Anonymity
no one should be able to identify participants
106
confidentiality
identity of subjects not linked to information
107
Justice
risks and benefits evenly distributed
108
Beneficence
Do good / prevent harm
109
Ethical Aspects of Research Reports
- Ethics committee approval
- informed consent
- protection of subjects
- subjects informed
- potential risks
- benefits outweigh risks
- no coercion
- privacy / anonymity / confidentiality
110
Mixed Method Research
researcher collects and analyses data
integrates findings and draws conclusions using BOTH
Qualitative and quantitative methods in a single study
GOOD : More complete picture
; additional insight
: weakness in one method might counter balance
by strengths of another
BAD : complex / time consuming / involved
: resource intensive
: researcher must know both types of research
111
What is Methodological triangulation
usually qualitative
* * different methods of data collection used in same study **
- reduces error
- increases rigor
112
ACTION research
research in the real world situation - "on the job"
113
What is Delphi Technique
using expert opinion on a clinical practice problem
114
clinical guidelines
provide recommendations on clinical management
115
Algorithms
clinical guidelines on a flow chart
116
Clinical pathway
essential steps of a clinical process
117
policies
written plans of an organisations official position
118
procedures
series of formal steps for performing specific tasks
119
protocols
rigid, prescribed statements
120
Standards
accepted discipline-based principles for patient care processes
121
Primary goals of a clinical audit
1. to improve patient care and outcomes
| 2. promote use of best evidence practice
122
What do clinical audits measure
interventions and care received by patients against agreed standards
effectiveness of interventions
success / failure of outcomes
identify DEPARTURE from BEST practice
123
Descriptive Statistics
allow researcher to describe , organise and summarise raw data (qualitative / quantitative )
124
Inferential Statistics
allows researchers to estimate how reliably they can make predictions and generalise their findings on the data (quantitative)
125
Qualitative Data Analysis
- deliberate
- considered
- systematic
(continuous )
126
2 types of qualitative data analysis
- FRACTURING - codes / groups / categories / themes (most common)
- CIRCLING and PARKING - understanding overall themes. circling a group and looking at the themes
127
Ensure trustworthiness qualitative
credibility, confirmability
audit trails
member checks
