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363 Kristie Woods > 363 revision Kristie Woods > Flashcards

363 revision Kristie Woods Flashcards

1
Q

Average Scores

A

Mean

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2
Q

Middle Score

A

Median

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3
Q

Most common Score

A

mode

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4
Q

The distance between the highest and lowest score

A

range

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5
Q

extreme score

A

outlier

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6
Q

a bell curve shows the _________ distribution

A

normal

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7
Q

many low or high scores would result in a _________ curve

A

skewed

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8
Q

A flat topped or flattened curve is called a

A

kurtosis

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9
Q

Descriptive statistics

A

summarises the data

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10
Q

Mean, median and mode are examples of

A

statistics

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11
Q

Quantitative data is

A

numerical

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12
Q

normal distribution portrayed on a bell curve as

A

symmetrical

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13
Q

Difference between interval and ratio measures

A

ratio has an absolute zero

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14
Q

Qualitative research data collection can be

A

staged or simultaneous

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15
Q

one method of data analysis in qualitative research

A

circling and parking

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16
Q

the results section of a research paper gives the results of data analysis but no

A

conclusions

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17
Q

in qualitative research, data collection is often broken down into

A

codes and themes

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18
Q

In qualitative research , the researcher must ensure the _______________ of data collection and analysis

A

trustworthiness

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19
Q

a _______ scale is an example of an ordinal measure

A

likert

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20
Q

Qualitative researchers must ensure the _____________ of their data collection and analysis

A

auditability

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21
Q

in qualitative research , trustworthiness of data collected can be ensured by ___________ with participants

A

member checking

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22
Q

more than one method of data collection in qualitative research is called

A

triangulation

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23
Q

in qualitative research, data might include taped interviews , and ___________ of participants in their natural situation

A

observations

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24
Q

Population

A

well defined group with specific characteristics

all individuals the researcher in interested in studying

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25
Q

Sample

A

subset of overall population

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26
Q

Sampling unit

A

list of population elements / individuals

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27
Q

Element

A

most basic unit (each individual person)

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28
Q

Main purpose of sampling

A
  • increase efficiency to study
  • minimise bias
  • so we can use the results
  • can put the results back to the population
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29
Q

Sampling

A

process of selection of study subjects

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30
Q

2 major headings in which sampling falls

A

Probability and Non-probability Sampling

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31
Q

advantages of simple random sampling

A

no researcher bias

maximises representatives

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32
Q

aim of stratified sampling

A

to increase representativeness of sample

population divided into subsets

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33
Q

cluster sampling

A

random sampling of units clusters

Goes from big to small. (states in aust / cities / households)

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34
Q

systematic sampling

A

randomly chosen at fixed intervals

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35
Q

disadvantages of non probability sampling

A

less rigorous
limits generalisation to population
less accurate

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36
Q

Major types of non-probability sampling

A
  • convenience
  • quota
  • purposive
  • snowball
  • theoretical
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37
Q

Convenience sampling (non probability )

A

uses most readily available subjects
easy / inexpensive
^ risk of bias
very common in clinical research

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38
Q

Snowball sampling (non-probability)

A

uses original participants social networks

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39
Q

Quota sampling (non- probability )

A

used to access subgroups.

goal: to make more representative

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40
Q

Purposive sampling (non probability )

A

intentional selection
handpicked
goal : to focus on a particular aspect of phenomenon

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41
Q

Four Qualitative data collection methods

A

Direct : spoken or written words / observations / body language / actions / interactions
Indirect : documents / photos /

Interviews / Journal entries / observations / examine documents

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42
Q

evidence based nursing practice

A 
using :
- best available research evidence 
- clinical expertise 
- patient preferences 
In the context of existing resources
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43
Q

Why is EBP practice important

?

A
  • accountability
  • professional standards
  • clinical competency and safety
  • improved practice and service
  • apply research to the real world
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44
Q

Evidence - Non research based

A

Tradition and Authority
Intuition
Trial and Error
Reasoning

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45
Q

Definition of Research

A

FORMAL , RIGOROUS and PRECISE process of INQUIRING that is PLANNED and SYSTEMATIC

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46
Q

Systematic Reviews

A

summarise findings of quantitative studies (usually)

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47
Q

Meta analysis

A

incorporates systematic reviews of the literature
Uses statistics to draw conclusions
Used when reviewing studies / testing interventions

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48
Q

The Research Process :

Defines the problem , formulates aim/question

A

Introduction / background

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49
Q

The Research Process :

Develop plan for research and implement plan

A

Methodology

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50
Q

The Research Process :

Document the findings of data analysis

A

Results / findings

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51
Q

The Research Process :

Interpret the findings / draw conclusions and make recommendations

A

Discussion / conclusion

52
Q

What is the abstract in a report

A 
summarises a research report 
Includes : Background 
Research question 
findings 
conclusions

Use the abstract to see if it MAY answer your question

53
Q

What does the abstract consist of

A

Background
research question
findings
conclusions

54
Q

What does the introduction consist of

A 
what we need to know 
what we already know 
what research needs to be done 
what the study aims to do
central concepts / phenomena 
review of literature 
need for the study 
why it was carried out the way it was
55
Q

What does the Methodology consist of

A

research design
sample selection
procedures / data collection methods
data analysis

56
Q

Quantitative Design

A
  • Statistical analysis
  • hypothesis
  • control / control group
  • survey
  • variables measured by tools
  • reliability
  • objectivity
57
Q

Quantitative Research

A
  • a PARTIAL picture of a phenomenon of interest
  • Research :NUMERICAL
    Researcher is AT ARMS LENGTH from data collection
  • VALIDITY has a specific meaning
58
Q

Qualitative Design

A
  • No numbers
    -Subjective
  • no control of phenomenon
    Focus : understanding complexity of people within context of their lives
59
Q

Qualitative Research

A
  • a COMPLETE picture of a phenomenon of interest
  • Research : words / not numerical
  • Researcher : NON at ARMS LENGTH from data collection
  • RIGOR has specific meaning
60
Q

Results on research paper

A

what the data SAYS / NOT what it means
Stats - quantitative
Summary themes / concepts - qualitative

61
Q

Discussion on research paper

A

a SUMMARY of key findings
Comparisons - to other studies ?
Speculations - why these results ?
Implications for practice - makes suggestions for practice

62
Q

RIGOR - Qualitative

A

Trustworthiness / confirmability

Transferability / credibility

63
Q

VALIDITY and RELIABILITY - Quantitative

A

measurement : reliability /validity

Design : Internal and External validity

64
Q

Research Design

A

provides framework to answer question
ensues answer will be meaningful and accurate
ensures RIGOR and VALIDITY

65
Q

Research Design identifies :

A

How subjects / participants will be recruited
What will happen during the study
How data will be analysed
When the study will end

66
Q

Purpose of Qualitative research

A

to UNDERSTAND personal experiences / interpretations - from the participants view

help to understand naturally occurring social phenomena

explore ATTITUDES / BELIEFS / VALUES / EXPERIENCES

RESEARCHER - impacts and is part of the research process

67
Q

Researcher in Qualitative Design

A
  • Visible in research process
  • Spends time in the field
  • Personal contact and insight
68
Q

Types of Qualitative Research :

A 
> Descriptive Exploratory 
> Phenomenology 
> Grounded Theory 
> Ethnography 
> Historical
69
Q

Types of Qualitative Research : Descriptive Exploratory

A
  • not a specific approach
  • Generalised approach
  • RICH NARRATIVE DATA
  • Describes situations
70
Q

Types of Qualitative Research : Phenomenology

A

MOST COMMON

  • Studies natural phenomena in their natural setting
  • Aims to Describe the experience / lived experience
  • In depth interviews
71
Q

Types of Qualitative Research : Grounded Theory

A

Examines processes
Examines interrelationships among concepts to develop a theory
SOCIAL processes

72
Q

Types of Qualitative Research : Ethnography

A

Understand the CULTURE of a group of people

Researcher is immersed in the culture

73
Q

Types of Qualitative Research : Historical

A

Examines past as perceived at the time. WHAT happened in the past - trying to relate to now

74
Q

RIGOR in Qualitative Research

A

Trustworthiness
Confirmability
Transferability
Credibility

“the honesty of the researcher and the honesty of the data collected”

75
Q

What does PICO stand for

A

P - population / patient
I- Intervention
C - Comparison or control
O - outcome

76
Q

Quantitative Research Design :

A
  • involves plan for gathering data
  • HOW subjects recruited
  • WHAT will happen during study
  • HOW data will be analysed
  • WHEN study will end
77
Q

Types of Quantitative Research :

A
  • Descriptive
  • Correlational
  • Quasi-experimental
  • Experimental
78
Q

Types of Quantitative Research : Descriptive

A
  • accurate portrayal of phenomenon of interest
  • used to answer research question that seeks to DESCRIBE
  • may use - observations / surveys / questionnaires and interviews
79
Q

Types of Quantitative Research : Correlational

A

used to answer questions that seek to LINK or CONNECT
enables examination of relationship between 2 or more variables and comparisons between groups
- used to quantify strengths of relationship between variables

80
Q

Types of Quantitative Research : Quasi-experimental

A

experimental treatment manipulated

Natural experiment

81
Q

Types of Quantitative Research : Experimental

A

Involves observations and data collection with specific criteria and protocols

3 Identifying properties

  • Randomisation
  • Control
  • Manipulation

Used to test cause and effect in relationships (RCTS )

82
Q

Variable

A

aspect of interest that differs among different people / situations

83
Q

Independent Variable

A

Manipulated ( CAUSE )

84
Q

Dependent Variable

A

Measured ( EFFECT )

85
Q

Research problem :

A

knowledge gap that needs filling

86
Q

hypothesis

A

a prediction about relationship between 2 or more variables in study

MUST BE TESTABLE

“Does the independent variable cause a change in the dependent “

87
Q

Statement of hypothesis should include

A
  1. variables in the hypothesis
  2. population being studied
  3. predicted outcome of hypothesis
88
Q

Sampling Goals : Qualitative

A

find best sources of data relevant to study aim / objectives
- obtain insight into phenomenon of interest

89
Q

Sampling Goals : Quantitative

A
  • obtain sample representative of population of interest

- obtain sample that allows effects of specific variables to be distinguished from other variables.

90
Q

Sample size : QUANTITATIVE

A
  • determined BEFORE study
  • number of factors influence size (cost / design)
  • POWER ANALYSIS - mathematical strategy which allows researcher to determine sample size needed to detect real relationship
91
Q

Sample size : QUALITATIVE

A
  • does not usually begin with predetermined size
  • no formal criteria for determining size
  • no rules about small / large enough
    RICHNESS of data more important
    8-15 variable
92
Q

2 ways in which error can be introduced

A

Data collection

Data analysis

93
Q

Credibility

A

confidence in truth of findings

94
Q

Auditability

A

accountability of researchers

use audit trail

95
Q

Transferability

A

extent in which findings are applicable to different population

96
Q

Confirmability

A

consistency and repeatability

97
Q

Reliability

A

consistency of a measure

98
Q

Validity

A

accuracy / correctness of a measure

99
Q

Internal Validity

A

whether the intervention has a measurable effect on the outcome. (Independent variable has effect on dependent)

100
Q

External Validity

A

generalisability of findings to other populations / settings

101
Q

Declaration of Helsinki

A

1964

Duty to protect life, health, privacy and dignity

102
Q

Nuremburg Code

A

1946

  • voluntary consent
  • protect subjects from harm
  • benefits vs risks
  • qualified researchers
103
Q

Informed consent

A
  • no coercion / implied
  • participants given enough info
  • info should be understandable to participants
  • right to withdrawal
  • assurance of confidentiality
  • describe risks v benefits
  • study aim / purpose
104
Q

Privacy

A

concealment of all matters related to participants

involves protecting anonymity and confidentiality

105
Q

Anonymity

A

no one should be able to identify participants

106
Q

confidentiality

A

identity of subjects not linked to information

107
Q

Justice

A

risks and benefits evenly distributed

108
Q

Beneficence

A

Do good / prevent harm

109
Q

Ethical Aspects of Research Reports

A
  • Ethics committee approval
  • informed consent
  • protection of subjects
  • subjects informed
  • potential risks
  • benefits outweigh risks
  • no coercion
  • privacy / anonymity / confidentiality
110
Q

Mixed Method Research

A

researcher collects and analyses data
integrates findings and draws conclusions using BOTH
Qualitative and quantitative methods in a single study

GOOD : More complete picture
; additional insight
: weakness in one method might counter balance
by strengths of another
BAD : complex / time consuming / involved
: resource intensive
: researcher must know both types of research

111
Q

What is Methodological triangulation

A

usually qualitative

    • different methods of data collection used in same study **
  • reduces error
  • increases rigor
112
Q

ACTION research

A

research in the real world situation - “on the job”

113
Q

What is Delphi Technique

A

using expert opinion on a clinical practice problem

114
Q

clinical guidelines

A

provide recommendations on clinical management

115
Q

Algorithms

A

clinical guidelines on a flow chart

116
Q

Clinical pathway

A

essential steps of a clinical process

117
Q

policies

A

written plans of an organisations official position

118
Q

procedures

A

series of formal steps for performing specific tasks

119
Q

protocols

A

rigid, prescribed statements

120
Q

Standards

A

accepted discipline-based principles for patient care processes

121
Q

Primary goals of a clinical audit

A
  1. to improve patient care and outcomes

2. promote use of best evidence practice

122
Q

What do clinical audits measure

A

interventions and care received by patients against agreed standards
effectiveness of interventions
success / failure of outcomes
identify DEPARTURE from BEST practice

123
Q

Descriptive Statistics

A

allow researcher to describe , organise and summarise raw data (qualitative / quantitative )

124
Q

Inferential Statistics

A

allows researchers to estimate how reliably they can make predictions and generalise their findings on the data (quantitative)

125
Q

Qualitative Data Analysis

A
  • deliberate
  • considered
  • systematic
    (continuous )
126
Q

2 types of qualitative data analysis

A
  • FRACTURING - codes / groups / categories / themes (most common)
  • CIRCLING and PARKING - understanding overall themes. circling a group and looking at the themes
127
Q

Ensure trustworthiness qualitative

A

credibility, confirmability
audit trails
member checks

363 Kristie Woods (1 decks)

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