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Biology > Chapter 14 > Flashcards

Chapter 14 Flashcards

1
Q

In sponges, what allows them to exchange gases, receive nutrients and eliminate waste?

A

through diffusion

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2
Q

In flatworms and cnidarians, what allows them to exchange gases, receive nutrients and eliminate waste?

A

their gastrovascular cavity

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3
Q

Which animals need a true circulatory system?

A

snails, birds, mammals, snakes, insects and amphibians

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4
Q

Living organism requires what for cellular respiration?

A
  • O2
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5
Q

In cells, where does cellular respiration take place?

A

mitochondria

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6
Q

Cellular respiration supplies what to the organism?

A

ATP (energy)

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7
Q

What is the waste product of cellular respiration?

A

CO2

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8
Q

Where are CO2 and O2 exchanged in an organism?

A

respiratory surfaces

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9
Q

CO2 and O2 move via ______ and are dissolved in ________

A

diffusion and water

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10
Q

Diffusion can only occur over short distances. True or False

A

True

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11
Q

Diffusion needs a low surface area to body volume ratio. True or False

A

False

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12
Q

True circulatory systems facilitate _________

A

exchanges with all body tissues

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13
Q

What does the circulatory system consist of

A
  • circulatory fluid
  • muscular pump
  • set of tubes to carry fluid
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14
Q

What are the two types of circulatory systems?

A

1) Open Circulatory System

2) Close Circulatory System

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15
Q

Where are open circulatory systems found?

A

in arthropods and molluscs

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16
Q

What makes an open circulatory system open?

A

there is no separation between the ISF and the blood

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17
Q

The fluid in open circulatory systems is often called?

A

hemolymph

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18
Q

In open circulatory systems, describe the relationship between the vessels and tissues.

A

Vessels are open ended therefore the fluid directly bathes tissues

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19
Q

In open circulatory systems, how does the fluid “hemolymph” re-enter the heart?

A

through ostia (ostium)

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20
Q

where are close circulatory systems found?

A

in cephalopods (molluscs), earthworms, reptiles, mammals

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21
Q

What makes a close circulatory system close?

A

There’s a separation between the blood and ISF (lymph)

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22
Q

Describe the relationship between the blood and vessels.

A

Blood circulates through enclosed vessels

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23
Q

What are the vessels present in close circulatory systems?

A

1) arteries/arterioles
2) veins/venules
3) capillaries

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24
Q

in smaller animals and many amphibians, where do respiratory surfaces exist?

A

on their skin

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25
Q

Are gills considered as respiratory surfaces?

A

yes

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26
Q

What mechanism is used in fish gills regarding gas exchange between water and blood?

A

countercurrent mechanism

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27
Q

What is the countercurrent mechanism that exists in fish gills?

A

It is a mechanism that allows the fish to take up a lot of oxygen from the water because the blood and water move in opposite direction. As water moves to the back, the blood moves to the front which allows it to take up more O2 from the water.

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28
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of gills

A

Advantage: it maximizes O2 uptake due to countercurrent mechanism
Disadvantage: it is only efficient for aquatic animals. If they were present in land animals, the animals would loose to much water to evaporation when exposed to air.

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29
Q

What do insects have that provide direct exchange between the air and body cells?

A

Tracheal system

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30
Q

The largest tube in the tracheal system found in insects is called?

A

trachea

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31
Q

The smallest tube in the tracheal system of insects is called?

A

tracheole

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32
Q

the trachea open to holes called _________. O2 enters here and CO2 leaves here,

A

spiracle

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33
Q

In the tracheal system of animals, the oxygen that enters go to where?

A

directly to the cells

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34
Q

the air sacs in the tracheal system of insects are for? Where are they found

A

air storage

- near organs that need an abundant amount of O2

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35
Q

What are lungs?

A

internal sacs lined with moist epithelium

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36
Q

What made land animals stay on land longer?

A

lungs

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37
Q

In the human respiratory system, describe their trachea.

A

It branches out into 2 bronchi and then each bronchus branches out into bronchioles and the bronchioles terminate at the alveoli where gas exchange occurs

38
Q

What are surfactants

A

specialized secretions of the alveoli which prevent them from sticking shut from the surface tension of their moist surface

39
Q

describe the relationship of the blood and gases in the lungs.

A

The blood picks up oxygen and drops off CO2

40
Q

Describe the relationship between the blood and gases in the body tissues.

A

The blood drops off O2 and picks up CO2

41
Q

Why do gas exchange occur?

A

due to concentration gradient. Gas moves from higher to lower concentration

42
Q

What is more abundant in the alveoli, O2 or CO2?

A

O2

43
Q

What is more abundant in body tissues, O2 or CO2?

A

CO2

44
Q

What are the three phases of gas exchange using lungs.

A

1) Breathing
2) Transport of gases in the blood
3) Gas exchange with body cells

45
Q

Explain the breathing of gas exchange using the lungs.

A

CO2 is expelled out of the body and O2 is taken up

46
Q

How are gasses transported in the blood?

A

O2 binds with the hemoglobin and CO2 are dissolved in plasma

47
Q

The cells take up _______ and release ______

A
  • O2

- CO2

48
Q

O2 binds to what?

A

proteins called respiratory pigments

49
Q

In molluscs and arthropods, where does O2 bind to

A

hemocyanin which contains copper

50
Q

In most vertebrates and some invertebrates, where does O2 bind to?

A

hemoglobin which contains iron

51
Q

Most CO2 in the blood enter ________-

A

red blood cells

52
Q

In red blood cells, some CO2 binds with _________ but most reacts _______ to produce ________ which dissociates to _______ + _______.

A
  • hemoglobin
  • water
  • carbonic acid
  • H+
  • bicarbonate
53
Q

The bicarbonate ions formed from carbonic acid goes where? What does this mean.

A

to the plasma of blood.

- CO2 is transported in blood this way

54
Q

The h+ released by carbonic acid goes to where? What does this mea?

A

binds with Hemoglobin and buffers pH

55
Q

Describe the circulatory system of fishes.

A

They have a 2 chambered heart with a single circulation

56
Q

what helps the movement of blood in fishes?

A

swimming

57
Q

describe the circulatory system of amphibians

A

1) They have a 3 chambered heart
2) They have a double circulation
therefore a pulmocutaneous circuit and systemic circuit exist

58
Q

Describe the single ventricles of some amphibians such as (turtles, snakes and lizards)

A

they have a partial separation between their single valve (pulmonary and systemic)

59
Q

Describe the circulatory system of crocodiles, birds & mammals.

A

They have a four chambered heart and a double circulation therefore a pulmonary circuit and systemic circuit exist

60
Q

Differentiate the pulmonary circuit/pulmocutaneous circuit and systemic circuit

A

pulmonary circuit - carries blood between the heart and lungs
pulmocutaneous circuit - carries blood between the heart and the lungs/skin

systemic circuit - carries blood between the heart and the rest of body

61
Q

Arteries and veins are made of three tissue layers. What are they?

A

1) Connective tissue
2) Smooth muscle
3) a single layer of epithelial cells (epithelium)

62
Q

Between veins and arteries, which has a thicker smooth muscle layer?

A

arteries

63
Q

The epithelium layer of veins and arteries are covered by?

A

basal lamina

64
Q

Do arteries have valves?

A

yes

65
Q

do veins have valves?

A

yes

66
Q

why are there valves in the veins?

A

since veins have lower blood pressure, the valves exist to increase it and also prevents blood from flowing back or flowing away from the heart

67
Q

Arteries take blood to the or away from the heart

A

away from

68
Q

Veins take blood to the or away from the heart?

A

to the the heart

69
Q

What adjusts flow of blood in the capillaries?

A

precapillary sphincters

70
Q

About how many capillaries open together at the same time?

A

5-10%

71
Q

In the lymphatic system, the capillaries lose fluid to where?

A

tissues

72
Q

In the lymphatic system, the lymphatic vessels pick up what?

A

ISF (lymph)

73
Q

After the lymph vessels collect lymph, what do they do with it?

A

send it back to the circulatory system via connections in veins found in the neck

74
Q

What does the lymphatic system do?

A
  • immunity

- return tissue fluid back to the circulatory system

75
Q

What does blood contain?

A

1) plasma
2) red blood cells
3) white blood cells
4) platelets

76
Q

Plasma is 90% _______

A

water

77
Q

What does plasma contain?

A

ions, proteins, antibodies, nutrients, hormones, O2, and CO2

78
Q

55% of blood is made up of what?

A

plasma

79
Q

45% of blood is made up of?

A

cellular elements

80
Q

what makes red blood cells red?

A

hemoglobin

81
Q

Red blood cells are also called?

A

erithrocytes

82
Q

White blood cells are also called?

A

leukocytes

83
Q

What are the different kinds of white blood cells?

A

1) basophils
2) neutrophils
3) eosinophils
4) lymphocytes
5) monocytes `

84
Q

White blood cells are for?

A

defense and immuinty

85
Q

red blood cells are for?

A

gas transportation

86
Q

platelets are for?

A

clotting

87
Q

Water in plasma is for?

A

carrying other substances (acts as a solvent)

88
Q

The ions of plasma are for?

A

maintaining ion concentration of ISF
pH buffering
osmotic balance

89
Q

The proteins of plasma are for?

A

osmotic balance

pH buffering

90
Q

Fibrinogen in plasma is for?

A

clotting

91
Q

The antibodies of plasma are for?

A

defense

92
Q

All cells in an organism need to?

A

exchange gases

- receive nutrients and eliminate waste

Biology (9 decks)

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