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Barrons Calculus > Barrons Calculus > Flashcards

Barrons Calculus Flashcards

1
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4
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active collection

A

the use of devices, such as solar panels, to collect, focus, transport, or store solar energy.

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5
Q

barrels

A

the unit used to describe the volume of fossil fuels.

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6
Q

crude oil

A

the form petroleum takes when in the ground

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7
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energy

A

the capacity to do work

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8
Q

fission

A

a nuclear reaction in which an atomic nucleus, especially a heavy nucleus such as an isotope of uranium, splits into fragments, usually two fragments of comparable mass, releasing from 100 million to several hundred million electron volts of energy.

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9
Q

fossil fuel

A

a hydrocarbon deposit, such as petroleum, coal, or natural gas, derived from living matter of a previous geologic time and used for fuel.

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10
Q

1st Law of Thermodynamics

A

says that energy can neither be created nor destroyed; it can only be transferred and transformed.

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11
Q

fly ash & boiler residue

A

waste products produced by the burning of coal.

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12
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half-life

A

the amount of time it takes of a radioactive sample to disappear.

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13
Q

Hubbert Peak (peak oil)

A

an influential theory that concerns the long-term rate of conventional oil (and other fossil fuel) extraction and depletion. It predicts that future world oil production will soon reach a peak and then rapidly decline.

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14
Q

hydroelectric power

A

power generated using water. No pollutants, however hydroelectric power requires rivers to be dammed, which constricts the flow of the river and damages habitats. However new habitats in the form of wetlands form

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15
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kinetic energy

A

the energy of motion

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16
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nuclear fusion

A

the process of fusing two nuclei

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17
Q

overburden

A

the rocks and earth that are removed when strip mining for a commercially valuable mineral resource.

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18
Q

passive solar energy collection

A

the use of building materials, building placement, and design to passively collect solar energy that can be used to keep a building warm or cool.

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19
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petroleum

A

oil, a hydrocarbon that forms as sediments are buried and pressurized.

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20
Q

photovoltaic cell

A

a semiconductor device that converts the energy of sunlight into electric energy

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21
Q

potential energy

A

energy at rest, or stored enrgy

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22
Q

proven reserve

A

an estimate of the amount of fossil fuel that can be obtained from a reserve

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23
Q

radiant energy

A

sunlight

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24
Q

scrubbers

A

devices containing alkaline substances that precipitate out much of the sulfur dioxide from industrial plants air effluent.

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25
Q

2nd Law of Thermodynamics

A

says that the entropy of the universe is increasing. The concept that, in most energy transformations, a significant fraction of energy is lost to the universe as heat.

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26
Q

strip mining

A

involves the removal of the earth’s surface all the way down to the level of the mineral seam. Then the overbruden (the top soil that was removed) is replaced , the area is contoured, and then revegetated

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27
Q

underground mining

A

involves the sinking of shafts to reach underground deposits. In this type of mining, networks of tunnels are dug or blasted and humans enter these tunnels in order to manually retrieve the coal. When saves are abandoned subsidence occurs where the cave cave slumps. Produces acid mine drainage (acidic material)

28
Q

wind farm

A

a group of modern turbines

29
Q

Most energy is used to creat what?

A

Electricity

30
Q

What is the process of creating electricity

A

Water is heated up into steam, this steam turns a turbine, this turbine powers a generator that has a magnet pass over copper coil. This passing over of the magnet over the copper coil produces an electric flow, which in turn creates alternating current

31
Q

Resources used to create electricity (produce the steam that turns the turbine)

A

64% fossil fuels, 17% nuclear energy, 19% renewable energy sources

32
Q

Fossil Fuels

A

oil makes up 35% of global energy production, then is coal, then is natural gas

33
Q

Oil is composed of what

A

hydrocarbons

34
Q

Coal is composed of what

A

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

35
Q

Natural gas is what type of energy and produced from what

A

nonrenewable fossil fuel produced from methane (CH4)

36
Q

Seam

A

Deposits of coal

37
Q

exploratory well

A

Used by geologists to drill and sample area for oil

38
Q

Coal ranking

A

Coal is ranked based on the BTU’s it produces when burned, this btu count depends on the purity of the carbon composing the coal. Antracite, bituminous, subbituminous, lignite

39
Q

Coal? What is produced when coal is burned

A

Coal is the most abundant fossil fuel, used by 50% of energy plants. Carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxide, mercury, and sulfur dioxide are produced when coal is burned. Also coal burning produces fly ash and boiler residue

40
Q

Solution to organic sulfur produced during the burning of coal

A

Scrubbers or burning the coal in the pressence of lime stone. The sulfur combines with the calcium from the lime stone to produce calcium sulfate

41
Q

How does coal powered power plants effect fish?

A

Mercury in the air is then deposited through rain into water and these fish have high amounts of mercury. These fish are then eaten by people

42
Q

What produces natural gas? Where can these be found

A

Anerobic bacteria produce natural gas. Anerobic bacteria can be found in landfills, swamps, and intestines of animals

43
Q

Largest and second largest sources of methane

A

Wetlands are the largest source follwed by the intestines of animals

44
Q

Consequences of natural gas

A

methane leaks uncontrollably, high risk of explosion, more difficult to transport than coal and oil. Must be liqufied in order to transport.

45
Q

Vampire Appliances

A

appliances that consume energy even when turned off

46
Q

Fusion Reactors

A

Use uranium-238 and this uranium-238 is enriched with 3% uranium-235

47
Q

Breeder Reactor

A

Creates uranium for use in fision reactors

48
Q

Nuclear Fusion reactors

A

Estimated to be the future of nuclear power. Hydrogen isotop titrium (2 neutrons) and deuterium (1 neutron) are used

49
Q

Boiling Water Reactors

A

heat from nuclear reaction turns water into steam, the steam turns the turbine, and then the steam is converted into water by a heat exhcanger. This is a two water circulation system

50
Q

Pressurized Water Reactor

A

three water circulation system. The first part cools the reactor, the second part makes steam, the third part cools the steam back to a liquid. The major difference that you can use to identify the difference between pressurized and boiling water reactors is that, the pressurized water reactor has a reactor heat exchanger in the building

51
Q

Tradgedy caused by nuclear reactors

A

Three Mile Island, Pennsylvania and Chernobyl Ukraine

52
Q

Meltdown

A

Reactor losses coolant water and thus the reactor core melts the containment building, causing radioactive material to get into ground water

53
Q

Explosion

A

Gases generated by uncontrolled core burst the containment vessel and spread radioactive material into the environment

54
Q

Nuclear Weapons

A

By products of fission material can be repurposed into nuclear bombs

55
Q

Highly radioactive waste

A

The nuclear waste like plutonium-239 must be stored for a long time

56
Q

Thermal pollution

A

Water is returned into bodies of water warmer than it was

57
Q

Radioactive decay

A

Gama rays can damage cells and cause cancer

58
Q

Corner of one’s safety

A

Not in my backyear syndrome

59
Q

United States and nuclear energy

A

The US has decomissioned many nuclear plants, because they are running out of places to store the nuclear wastw

60
Q

Gasohol

A

90% gasoline, 10% ethanol. Obtained by fermenting agricultural crops. Gasohol has a higher octane amount than gasoline and burns slowly and completely. Disadvantages include that gashol is expensive to produce, vaporizes more readily than gasoline, potential to aggrevate ozone pollution in warm weather.

61
Q

biodiesel

A

waste vegetable products

62
Q

Cons of dams

A

Sendiment trapped behind the dam sinks to the bottom of the dam in a process called silting. The reservoir has a greater surface area causing more water to evaporate. Salmon and other fish that return to their spawning location can not return

63
Q

Nacelle

A

The base of the windmill that houses the gearbox

64
Q

windmill facts

A

Fastest growing renewable power source. The initiall capital to setup a windmill still outweights the amount of money generated

65
Q

ocean tides

A

Generator that turns turbine based on when tides arrive and leave

66
Q

Hydrogen cells

A

regarded as the best, cleanest, and safest fuel source. Uses electrolysis and then the reverse electrolysis to produce energy

67
Q

United States has adapted the CAFE

A

Corporate average fuel economy standard which sets miles per gallon standards for a fleet of cars

Barrons Calculus (2 decks)

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