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MCAT > Psychology III > Flashcards

Psychology III Flashcards

1
Q

Psychoanalytic theories of personality

A

based upon the idea that our unconscious thoughts, feelings, and memories both determine our personalities and motivate our choices and actions.

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2
Q

id

A

The element of personality that contains primal instincts and urges. Does not rely upon any kind of logic or morality, and is the primary driver of behavior in most young children.

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3
Q

pleasure principle

A

governs id, guides all actions towards gratification

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4
Q

primary process

A

id’s response to frustration, seeks immediate gratification through immediate resolution of frustration

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5
Q

wish fulfillment

A

non-physical process that resolve the frustration, such as daydreaming and mental images.

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6
Q

ego

A

allows for logic to control aspects of both consciousness and the id

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7
Q

reality principle

A

govern the ego

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8
Q

secondary process

A

the ego takes reality into account and seeks to hold off the pleasure principle until realistic, acceptable gratification can be had. As the ego continues to negotiate the base desires and urges of the id with the constraints of reality, a person begins to develop their perception of reality, as problem-solving, memory, and thinking are all necessary skills for the ego to successfully bridge the gap between the reality and the id.

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9
Q

superego

A

most part unconscious, is the element of personality that is responsible for inhibiting the primal urges of the id and bolstering the ego to strive for not just realistic, but moral goals. Using moral customs and perspectives that have been gleaned from our parents, the superego is the part of us that can be said to be behind our sense of “higher purpose.”

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10
Q

the superego can be divided into two distinct elements

A

conscience and ego-ideal

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11
Q

ego-ideal

A

for ideal or appropriate actions and behaviors that warrant rewards

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12
Q

conscious

A

contains thoughts that we are currently aware of

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13
Q

preconscious

A

contains thoughts were are not currently aware of

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14
Q

unconscious

A

contains thoughts that have been repressed

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15
Q

conscience

A

a database of actions and behaviors that warrant punishment

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16
Q

conscience

A

a database of actions and behaviors that warrant punishment

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17
Q

a list of eight ego-defense mechanism

A

repression, suppression, regression, reaction formation, projection, displacement, rationalization, sublimination

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18
Q

ego-defense mechanism

A

when dealing with the tension and anxiety caused by the constant push and pull of the superego and the id, the ego employs this to unconsciously distort reality.

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19
Q

Repression

A

the process the ego uses to push undesired or unacceptable thoughts and urges down into the unconscious

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20
Q

suppression

A

or denial, and is typically used to willfully forget an emotionally painful experience or event

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21
Q

regression

A

process of reverting back to behaviors that are less sophisticated and often associated with children

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22
Q

reaction formation

A

process of repressing a feeling by outwardly expressing the exact opposite of it.

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23
Q

Projection

A

process of attributing one’s own undesired thoughts or feelings onto another person.

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24
Q

Rorschach inkblot test

A

in which patients or subjects identify what they believe is being depicted by amorphous shapes, relies upon projection

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25
Q

Displacement

A

the process of redirecting violent, sexual, or otherwise unseemly impulses from being directed at one person or thing to another.

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26
Q

Rationalization

A

the process of justifying one’s behaviors, which might be socially unacceptable and impulsive, with intellectual explanations that are more acceptable.

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27
Q

sublimination

A

the process of transferring unacceptable urges or impulses into acceptable and perhaps laudatory behaviors.

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28
Q

Carl Jung

A

his ideas differed from Freud’s in some crucial ways, yet still maintain the basic idea that unconscious forces shape conscious thoughts and actions. First of all, for Jung, libidinal energy referred not only to energy geared towards life, creativity, and procreation, but all psychic energy. Second, Jung’s structure of personality is a bit different: the conscious part of the mind is referred to as the ego, and the unconscious is divided into the personal unconscious and collective unconscious.

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29
Q

personal unconscious

A

mostly in line with Freud’s concept

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30
Q

collective unconscious

A

completely distinct from personal unconscious, which is the part of the unconscious derived from a shared history and experience, common to all human beings. The collective unconscious contains archetypes of common experiences.

31
Q

archetypes

A

images referred by Jung

32
Q

Myers Briggs Type inventory

A

a commonly used personality test, uses these three contrasts, as well as another, judging vs perceiving, to lbel a person’s personality with a four-variable combination.

33
Q

inferiority complex

A

Alfred Adler, which is the sense of incompleteness of inferiority that motivates a person to strive for superiority

34
Q

fictional finalism

A

Alfred Adler, the idea that a person is more motivated by his or her expectations of the future than his or her past experiences.

35
Q

basic anxiety

A

Karen Horney, the vulnerability and learned helplessness that can result from inadequate parenting and can cause basic hostility in a person

36
Q

Psychoanalytic therapy

A

the typically one-on-one process between a psychiatrist or psychologist and a patient in which the doctor attempts to help the patient become more aware of his or her unconscious. Furthermore, therapy aims to empower patients to make conscious decisions based on reality rather than the primal, base urges that inhabit the unconscious.

37
Q

humanistic theory

A

focus on the healthy development of personality, and moreover, it ascribes free will to people.

38
Q

actualizing tendency

A

the tendency to not only maintain one’s health and vitality but also to improve oneself.

39
Q

self-actualization

A

Without the intervention of obstacles, people progress towards a full realization of their potential.

40
Q

Carl Rogers

A

introduced client-centered/person-centered psychotherapy.

41
Q

client-centered psychotherapy

A

the person being treated is not called a patient, but rather a client, implying that person’s mental health. The point of psychotherapy is to help to client sort through issues and make positive decisions regarding them, rather than make a diagnosis or provide a concrete solution for the problem underlying it.

42
Q

Unconditional positive regard

A

holds that the therapist accept the client unconditionally and empathize with him or her, no matter what. Rogers spearheaded the ideas of the real and ideal self.

43
Q

force field theory

A

Kurt Lewin, focused very little on a person’s past but almost entirely on the present, with specific focus on the sum of the influences(or force field) affecting a person at any given time. Within the larger context of humanistic theory, the influences on a person can be drawn into two general categories: they can either assist in self-actualization, or else obstruct the path to our realization of potential.

44
Q

personal construct psychology

A

George Kelly, holds that people act like scientists by observing the behavior of significant people in their lives, and then test their theories about that behavior through their own behavior. In this way, people construct what Kelly called a scheme of anticipation about how these other people will behave in certain circumstances. Within this context, the person who suffers from anxiety is simply struggling to understand the variables at play in his life and environment. Therapy based on this idea sets out to allow clients to develop new ways of thinking about their environment and troubling potentially anxiety-inducing events, that will help them overcome their anxieties.

45
Q

peak experiences

A

the profound, rare moments that lend richness and depth to life.

46
Q

type theory

A

attempts to identify a variety of set personality types. Ex:bodily humors, wherein four types of bodily humors were said to correlate to certain elements and imbalance in these humors would cause personality disorders. This is obviously outdated.

47
Q

trait theory

A

relies on the notion of personality traits

48
Q

personality traits

A

predispositions to certain behaviors

49
Q

surface traits

A

outwardly apparent from a person’s behavior(even tempered, laziness, down-to-earth..etc)

50
Q

source traits

A

less apparent and more abstract(extroversion/introversion, agreeableness, and etc)

51
Q

five-factor model

A

developed by Paul Costa and Robert McRae, includes the big five factors.

52
Q

big five factors

A

openness to change, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism(O.C.E.A.N).

53
Q

global factors

A

developed by Raymond Cattell, proposed a similar organization that is comparable to the source traits of McCrae and Costa’s theory. Those global factors include receptivity, self-control, extroversion, accommodation, and anxiety.

54
Q

primary factors

A

16 factors:

  1. Abstract vs. Practical
  2. Reserved vs Warm
  3. Traditional vs. Open to change
  4. Unsentimental vs sensitive
  5. Expedient vs Rule-conscious
  6. Lively vs serious
  7. Tolerant of disorder vs perfectionist
  8. Forthright vs private
  9. Self-reliant vs group-reliant
  10. Shy vs Bold
  11. Dominant vs Deferential
  12. Trusting vs Vigilant
  13. Assured vs Apprehensive
  14. Emotionally stable vs reactive
  15. Relaxed vs tense
  16. Problem solving
55
Q

Abraham Maslow

A

American psychologist that studied the lives of people typically considered great geniuses, and examined how they were atypically strong at actualizing themselves. Maslow believed that people like this, characterized by creativity, a sense of humor, and spontaneity, among other qualities, were more likely to have peak experiences.

56
Q

William Sheldon

A

A more modern, still outdated theory was developed in which somatotypes, or particular body types, are used to classify peoples’ personalities.

57
Q

Cardinal traits

A

those around which people organized their entire lives.

58
Q

central traits

A

defining characteristics of a person, and were easy to infer from a person’s behavior.

59
Q

secondary traits

A

those that only occur sometimes, particularly when a person is in a certain social intuition.

60
Q

Han Eysenck

A

proposed that differences in the reticular formation can account for how extroverted or introverted a person is.

61
Q

personal-situation debate

A

it breaks down to traits and states.

62
Q

traits

A

internal, stable, and constant aspects of a personality

63
Q

states

A

variable, temporary reactions to external events.

64
Q

motivation

A

refers to the driving force or reasoning behind our particular actions and behaviors

65
Q

two types of motivation

A

extrinsic motivation and intrinsic motivation

66
Q

extrinsic motivation

A

motivation created by external forces

67
Q

intrinsic motivation

A

motivation created by internal forces

68
Q

attitude

A

a way of thinking or feeling about people, places, or things that is reflected in our actions and our behaviors.

69
Q

instinct

A

an innate, unlearned, and usually fixed pattern of behavior that is present in all members of a species.

70
Q

drive

A

an urge that results from an urge to reach a goal or satisfy a need.

71
Q

negative feedback

A

the process by which a biological system produce a product or an effect that actually counteracts or diminishes that biological system in order to maintain the product or effect.

72
Q

primary drivers

A

basic drive like hunger and thirst, work by alerting the body to the fact that it is out of homeostasis or out of equilibrium.

73
Q

secondary drives

A

those that are not based in a biological need and actually stem from learning and experiences. Secondary drives can include feelings such as love and aggression.

74
Q

instinct theory of motivation

A

claims that people and animals are driven to act or behave i certain was because of innate instincts that have been programmed into them through the process of evolution.

MCAT (5 decks)

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