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Physio > GI 2 > Flashcards

GI 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what binds carbohydrates together

A

condensation

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2
Q

process for digestion of fats, carbs, and proteins

A

hydrolysis

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3
Q

disaccharide found in milk

A

lactose

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4
Q

large polysaccharide present in almost all nonanimal foods (poatoes)

A

starch

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5
Q

what secrets ptyalin

A

parotid gland

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6
Q

what starch is hydrolyzed to via ptyalin

A

maltose

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7
Q

digestive enzyme of saliva (alpha-amylase)

A

ptyalin

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8
Q

digestion is active or inactive with pH less than 4

A

inactive

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9
Q

amount of starches digested into maltose in stomach

A

30-40%

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10
Q

main enzyme for digestion of carbs in small intestine; more powerful than salivary amylase

A

pancreatic amylase

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11
Q

enzymes that digest sugars in small intestine

A

lactase, sucrase, maltase, alpha-dextrinase

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12
Q

what lactose splits into

A

galactose and glucose

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13
Q

what sucrose splits into

A

fructose and glucose

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14
Q

what maltose and other small glucose polymers split into

A

glucose

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15
Q

more than 80% of final products of carb digestion

A

glucose

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16
Q

important peptic enzyme of stomach (digestion of protein); can also digest collagen

A

pepsin

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17
Q

pH of this makes pepsin most active

A

2/3/2015

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18
Q

pepsin represents this amount of total protein digestion

A

10-20%

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19
Q

where protein digestion mostly occurs

A

upper small intestine

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20
Q

pancreatic proteolytic enzymes

A

trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypolypeptidase, proelastase

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21
Q

where digestion of proteins in enterocytes of villi occurs (last stage of protein digestion)

A

duodenum and jejunum

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22
Q

99% of final protein digestive products are absorbed as these

A

amino acids

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23
Q

most abundant fats of the diet

A

triglycerides

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24
Q

digests small amount of triglycerides in the stomach (less than 10%)

A

lingual lipase

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25
Q

where almost all of the fat digestion occurs

A

small intestine

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26
Q

where emulsification of fat begins…and where it occurs primarily (under influence of bile)

A

stomach, duodenum

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27
Q

phospholipid that is important in emulsification process of fats (present in bile)

A

lecithin

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28
Q

surface area of small intestine

A

250 m2

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29
Q

most important enzyme for digestion of triglycerides

A

pancreatic lipase

30
Q

lipase in enterocytes for digestion of TG (not as significant as pancreatic)

A

enteric lipase

31
Q

product of TG digestion

A

free FA and 2MG

32
Q

remove 2MG and free FA from vicinity of digesting fat globules (so they do not block further digestion)

A

bile salts

33
Q

what bile salts accumulate as

A

micelles

34
Q

transport medium for 2MG and free FA to brush border of intestinal epithelial cells

A

bile salt micelles

35
Q

site of bile salt reabsorption

A

ileum

36
Q

cholesterol with one fatty acid

A

cholesterol ester

37
Q

enzymes that hydrolyze cholesterol and phospholipids (other than lipases)

A

cholesterol ester hydrolase and phospholipase A2

38
Q

total amount of fluid reabsorbed by intestines each day (from ingestion and GI secretions)

A

8.5

39
Q

amount of liquid that is left to be absorbed in proximal colon

A

1.5

40
Q

lipid-soluble substances that can be absorbed in stomach (otherwise poor absorption)

A

alcohol, aspirin

41
Q

increase the mucosal absorptive area by nearly 1000 fold

A

folds of Kerckring, villi, and microvilli

42
Q

project 1 mm above surface of mucosa; increase absorptive area by 10 fold

A

villi

43
Q

from epithelial cell body into each microvillus of brush border…causes continual movement keeping them exposed to new fluid

A

actin filaments

44
Q

typical absorption in small intestine for carbs, fat, amino acids and ions, water

A

several hundred g; 100 g; 50-100 g; 7-8 L

45
Q

absorptive capacity for normal small intestine…for carbs, fat, proteins, and water

A

several KG, 500 g, 500-700 g, 20 L or more

46
Q

when these kinds of solutions are released from stomachs to duodenum, water transferred to the chyme by osmosis (to make isosmotic)

A

hyperosmotic

47
Q

amount of Na typically consumed in a day; amount of Na secreted in intestinal secretions each day

A

5-8g; 20-30g

48
Q

typical sodium concentration in chyme

A

142 mEq/L

49
Q

sodium cotransported through brush border membrane via these carrier proteins (last is exchange)

A

Na-glucose, Na-amino acid, Na-H

50
Q

hormone that is secreted during dehydration…enhances Na absorption

A

aldosterone

51
Q

aldosterone causes secondary increase of absorption of these

A

Cl and water

52
Q

where Cl absorption occurs

A

proximal small intestine, also Cl-HCO3 in ileum and colon

53
Q

where HCO3 is secreted (via pancreatic secretions and bile)

A

duodenum

54
Q

amount of water and NaCl secreted as diarrhea each day due to cholera toxin (increases epithelial fold secretion…greater than what can be reabsorbed)

A

5-10 L

55
Q

where Ca is absorbed

A

duodenum

56
Q

what activates vitamin D (which increases Ca absorption)

A

parathyroid hormone

57
Q

how all carbs in food are absorbed

A

monosaccharides

58
Q

80% of carb calories absorbed as this

A

glucose

59
Q

20% of absorbed monosaccharides composed of this

A

galactose and fructose

60
Q

absorption of glucose occurs via this

A

Na-Glucose co-transport

61
Q

how fructose is transported through intestinal epithelium

A

facilitated diffusion

62
Q

energy for transport of di/tripeptides in protein absorption comes from this

A

Na co-transport

63
Q

monoglycerides and free FA become dissolved in the central lipid portions of these (essential for 2MG and FA absorption)

A

bile micelles

64
Q

with micelles, only this percentage of fat is absorbed

A

40-50%

65
Q

what length of FA are more water-soluble? not converted into TG by ER (allows for direct diffusion from intestinal epithelial cells into capillary blood of intestinal villi)

A

short

66
Q

amount of Na and Cl typically left in feces

A

1-5 mEq

67
Q

in colon absorption…helps neutralize acidic end products of bacterial action in large intestine

A

bicarbonate

68
Q

amount colon can absorb of fluid and electrolytes

A

5-8 L

69
Q

bacteria in colon can aid in absorption of these vitamins

A

K, B12, thiamine, riboflavin

70
Q

derivatives of bilirubin that cause brown color of feces

A

stercobilin and urobilin

71
Q

bacterial byproducts that cause odor of feces

A

sindole, skatole, mercaptans, hydrogen sulfide

Physio (3 decks)

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