Tuesday

Question 1

What stain is required to see Cryptococcus?

Answer 1

India Ink

Question 2

What stain is required to see Pneumocystis jirovecii?

Answer 2

Silver stain

• Used for:
  
  • Legionella
  • H. pylori
  • Fungi

Question 3

What stain is required to see Chlamydia?

Answer 3

Giemsa Stain

• Used for: “Certain Bugs Really Try my Patience”
  
  • Chlamydia
  • Borriella
  • Rickettsia
  • Trypanosomes
  • Plasmodium

Question 4

Which organisms are encapsulated?

Answer 4

“Even Some Pretty Nasty Killers Have Shiny Bodies”

• E. coli
• S. pneumoniae
• Pseudomonas
• Neisseria meningitidis
• Klebsiella
• Shigella
• group B strep

Question 5

What name is given to RBCs that have been partially digested by splenic macrophages?

Answer 5

“Bite cells”

aka Degmacytes

Question 6

Damage to what nerve is associated with wrist drop?

Answer 6

Radial

Question 7

Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis is which type of hypersensitivity?

Answer 7

Type III

Question 8

Rheumatic Fever is which type of hypersensitivity?

Answer 8

Type II

Question 9

Polyarteritis nodosa is which type of hypersensitivity?

Answer 9

Type III

Question 10

Which nerve is most likely damaged by a knee injury?

Answer 10

Tibial n

Question 11

Which nerve is most likely damaged by a lateral knee injury?

Answer 11

Deep Fibular n

Question 12

Which nerve is most likely damaged by habitual crossing of the legs?

Answer 12

Common Fibular N

Question 13

Which two muscle receptors are responsible for opening the sarcoplasmic reticulum in response to depolarization?

Answer 13

1. Dihydropyridine Receptor
2. Ryanidine Receptor

Question 14

What immunodeficiency involves failure of neutrophils to respond to chemotactic stimuli?

Answer 14

1. Hyper-IgE Syndrome (Job Syndrome)
   
   • STAT3 mutation
2. Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency
   
   • Defect in LFA-1 integrin protein on phagocytes

Question 15

What immunodeficiency is caused by adenosine deaminase deficicency?

Answer 15

SCID

Question 16

What immunodeficiency involves failure of endodermal development?

Answer 16

DeGeorge Syndrome

(failure of 3rd and 4th pharyngeal pouches to develop)

Question 17

What immunodeficiency is caused by a defective tyrosine kinase?

Answer 17

Bruton Agammaglobulinemia

Defect in BTK (no B cell maturation)

Question 18

Which neurodegenerative disease causes “floppy baby” at birth? What is the defect?

Answer 18

Werdnig-Hoffman Disease

Congeital degeneration of anterior horn cells (LMN lesion)

Question 19

Which drugs are composed of Abs against TNF?

Answer 19

• Inflixamab
  
  • anti-TNF alpha Ab
• Adalimumab
  
  • ”
• Golimumab
• Certolizumab

Other TNF alpha inhibitor

• Etanercept
  
  • TNF receptor decoy

Question 20

What exotoxins cause scarlet fever?

Answer 20

Erythrogenic and Pyogenic toxins of S pyogenes

Question 21

What is the cause of Achalasia?

Answer 21

Loss of Myenteric (Auerbach’s) plexus

(impaired LES relaxation)

Question 22

How does the body compensate for hypoxia at high altitudes?

Answer 22

• Increased ventilation
  
  • This causes respiratory alkalosis, so kidneys excrete more bicarbonate to compensate
• Increased erythropoeitin
  
  • Increased RBC mass
  • Increased Hemoglobin
• Increased number of mitochondria in the cell
  
  • increased cellular efficiency of oxygen
• Increased 2,3-BPG
  
  • Causes O2 release from RBCs
• (Compensates for lack of O2)

Question 23

For what conditions is hyperbaric oxygen therapy particulary helpful?

Answer 23

1. Decompression sickness
2. Arterial gas embolism
3. Carbon monoxide poisoning
4. Gas gangrene caused by Clostridium difficile
5. Osteomyelitis