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Cojo's Step Cards, Bugs > Virology > Flashcards

Virology Flashcards

1
Q

Recombination

A

Exchange of genes between 2 chromosomes by crossing over within regions of significant base sequence homology

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2
Q

Reassortment

A

When viruses with segmented genomes exchange segments
High-frequency recombination
Cause of worldwide influenza pandemics

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3
Q

Complementation

A

When 1 of 2 viruses that infect the cell has a mutation that results in a nonfunctional protein
The non-mutated virus “complements” the mutated one by making a functional protein that serves both viruses

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4
Q

Phenotypic Mixing

A

Occurs with simultaneous infection of a cell with 2 viruses
Genome of virus A can be partially or completed coated with the surface proteins of virus B
Type B protein coat determines the tropism (infectivity) and the progeny will be type A genetic material

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5
Q

The only ssDNA virus

A

Parvoviridae (Parvovirus)

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6
Q

The only dsRNA virus

A

Reovirus

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7
Q

Naked Viral Genome Infectivity

A

Purified nucleic acids of most dsDNA (except poxviruses and HBV) and + strand ssRNA (mRNA) are infectious. Naked nucleic acids of - strand ssRNA and dsRNA viruses are not infectious and require polymerases contained in the complete viron

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8
Q

Viral Replication (nucleus or cytoplasm?)

A

All DNA viruses replicate in the nucleus (except poxvirus–has own DNA dependent RNA polymerase–so it doesn’t need host’s version to make mRNA)
All RNA viruses replicate in the cytoplasm (except influenza virus and retroviruses)

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9
Q

General DNA virus Characteristics

A 
Double stranded (except parvo)
Linear (except papilloma, polyoma, and hepadna)
Icosahedral (except pox)
Replicate in the nucleus (except pox)
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10
Q

Herpesvirus Envelope(?) and DNA structure

A

Enveloped

Linear dsDNA

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11
Q

HSV-1 Transmission, Presentation, and Latent Location

A

Transmitted by respiratory secretions and saliva
Causes oral (and some genital) lesions, spontaneous temporal lobe encephalitis, and keratoconjunctivitis
Latent in trigeminal ganglia

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12
Q

HSV-2 Transmission, Presentation, and Latent Location

A

Transmitted by sexual contanct or perinatally
Genital (and some oral) lesions (herpes genitalis)
Neonatal herpes
Latent in sacral ganglia

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13
Q

VZV (HHV-3) Transmission, Presentation, Latent Location, andComplication

A

Transmitted by respiratory secretions
Causes chickenpox, zoster (shingles), encephalitis, and pneumonia
Latent in dorsal root or trigemina ganglia
Can get post-herpetic neuralgia from singles

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14
Q

EBV (HHV-4) Transmission, Presentation, Diagnosis, and Complications

A

Transmitted by respiratory secretions and saliva
Causes mononucleosis (characterized by fever, hepatosplenomegaly, pharyngitis, and lymphadenopathy). Infects B cells (but on peripheral blood smear you see reactive T cells)
Detected by + monospot test (heterophile antibodies detected by agglutination of sheep or horse RBCs)
Associated with Hodgkin lymphoma, Burkitt lymphoma, and nasopharyngeal carcinoma

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15
Q

CMV (HHV-5) Transmission and Presentation

A

Transmitted congenitally and by transufsion, sexual contact, saliva, urine, transplant
Causes congenital infection, mononucleosis (-monospot), pneumonia, retinitis
Infected cells have characteristic “owl eye” inclusions
Latent in mononuclear cells
Causes problems mostly in immunocompromised patients

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16
Q

HHV-6 Transmission and Presentation

A

Transmitted by saliva
Causes roseola: high fevers for several days that can cause seizures, followed by a diffuse macular rash
HHV-7 can also cause roseola (less commonly)

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17
Q

HHV-8 Transmission and Presentation

A

Transmitted by sexual contact
Can cause kaposi sarcoma, a neoplasm of endothelial cells Seen in HIV/AIDS and transplant patients
You get dark/violaceous flat and nodular skin lesions representing endothelial growths
Can also affect GI tract and lungs

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18
Q

HHV-6 Transmission and Presentation

A

Transmitted by saliva. Causes roseola: high fevers for several days that can cause seizures, followed by a diffuse macular rash. HHV-7 can also cause roseola (less commonly)

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19
Q

HHV-8 Transmission and Presentation

A

Transmitted by sexual contact. Can cause kaposi sarcoma, a neoplasm of endothelial cells. Seen in HIV/AIDS and transplant patients. You get dark/violaceous flat and nodular skin lesions representing endothelial growths. Can also affect GI tract and lungs

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20
Q

HBV Family, Envelope (?) and DNA Structure

A

Hepadnavirus, enveloped, and circular dsDNA (partially ds)

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21
Q

HBV Presentation, Vaccine (?), and reverse transcriptase (?)

A

Can cause acute or chronic hepatitis. There is a vaccine available. It is not considered a retrovirus, but it does has reverse transcriptase (it has a DNA polymerase that has DNA and RNA dependent abilities)

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22
Q

Adenovirus Envelope (?), Structure, and Presentations

A

It has no envelope. It has linear dsDNA. It can cause febrile pharyngitis, acute hemorrhagic cystitis, pneumonia, and conjunctivitis (“pink eye”)

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23
Q

Parvovirus Envelope (?), Structure, and Presentations

A

It has no envelope, it has linear ssDNA (-). Parvovirus B19 can cause aplastic crises in sickle cell disease, “slapped cheeks” rash in children which is called erythema infectiosum (fifth disease), RBC destruction in fetus leads to hydrops fetalis and death. Pure RBC aplasia and rheumatoid arthritis-like symptoms in adults

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24
Q

Papillomavirus Envelope (?), Structure, and Presentations

A

No envelope. circular dsDNA. HPV can cause warts (1,2,6,11), CIN, and cervical cancer (16,18,31,33). Vaccine available

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25
Q

Polyomavirus Envelope (?) and Structure

A

No envelope. Circular dsDNA

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26
Q

Polyomavirus Presentations

A

JC virus can cause progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) in HIV. The BK virus is seen in transplant patients and commonly targets the kidney. JC= junky cerebrum and BK=bad kidney

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27
Q

Poxvirus Envelope (?) and Structure

A

It has an envelope. Linear dsDNA. Only non-icosahedral DNA virus (complex)

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28
Q

Poxvirus Presentations

A

Smallpox (eradicated but could be used in warfare)
Cowpox (“milkmaid blisters”)
Molluscum contagiosum: flesh=colored dome lesions with central umbilicated dimple

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29
Q

HSV Identification

A

Viral culture for skin/genitalia. CSF PCR for herpes encephalitis. Tzanck test (smear of an opened skin vesicle to detect multinucleated giant cells) to detect genital herpes

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30
Q

Reovirus Envelope (?), Structure, and Medical Importance

A

No envelope, linear dsRNA, icosahedral. Coltivirus causes colorado tick fever (transmitted by ticks), and rotavirus is the number 1 cause of fatal diarrhea in children

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31
Q

Reovirus Envelope (?), Structure, and Presentation

A

No envelope, linear dsRNA, icosahedral. Coltivirus causes colorado tick fever (transmitted by ticks), and rotavirus is the number 1 cause of fatal diarrhea in children

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32
Q

Picornavirus Envelope (?), Structure, and Presentation

A

No envelope, linear +ssRNA, icosahedral. Examples include poliovirus (vaccine available), echovirus (aseptic meningitis), rhinovirus (common cold), coxsackievirus (aspetic meningitis, herpangina:mouth blisters and fever, hand/foot/mouth disease, mycoarditis, pericarditis), and hepatitis A virus. PERCH

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33
Q

Hepevirus Envelope (?), Structure, and Presentation

A

No envelope, linear +ssRNA, icosahedral. Hepatitis E virus is an example

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34
Q

Calicivirus Envelope (?), Structure, and Presentation

A

No envelope, linear +ssRNA, icosahedral. Norovirus is an example and causes gastroenteritis (diarrhea–usually in adults)

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35
Q

Flavivirus Envelope (?), Structure, and Presentation

A

Enveloped, linear +ssRNA, icosahedral. Some examples: hepatitis C, yellow fever, dengue, st. louis encephalitis, and west nile virus (the last 4 are arboviruses transmitted by arthropods)

36
Q

Togavirus Envelope (?), Structure, and Presentation

A

Enveloped, linear +ssRNA, icosahedral. Causes rubella, eastern equine encephalitis, and western equine encephalitis (these two are arboviruses transmitted by arthropods)

37
Q

Retrovirus Envelope (?), Structure, and Presentation

A

Enveloped, linear +ssRNA, icosahedral (HTLV) or complex and conical (HIV). Have reverse transcriptase.

38
Q

Retrovirus Envelope (?), Structure, and Presentation

A

Enveloped, linear +ssRNA, icosahedral (HTLV) or complex and conical (HIV). Have reverse transcriptase. HTLV can cause T-cell leukemia, and HIV causes AIDS

39
Q

Coronavirus Envelope (?), Structure, and Presentation

A

Enveloped, linear +ssRNA, helical. Can cause the common cold but also SARS

40
Q

Orthomyxovirus Envelope (?), Structure, and Presentation

A

Enveloped, linear -ssRNA, helical. Example: influenza virus

41
Q

Paramyxovirus Envelope (?), Structure, and Presentation

A

Enveloped linear -ssRNA, helical. Examples: parainfluenza (croup), RSV (bronchiolitis in babies, treat with ribavirin), measles, mumps. PaRaMyxovirus.

42
Q

Reovirus Envelope (?), Structure, and Presentation

A

No envelope, linear dsRNA, icosahedral. Segmented with 10-12 segments. Coltivirus causes colorado tick fever (transmitted by ticks), and rotavirus is the number 1 cause of fatal diarrhea in children

43
Q

Orthomyxovirus Envelope (?), Structure, and Presentation

A

Enveloped, linear -ssRNA, helical. Segmented with 8 segments. Example: influenza virus

44
Q

Paramyxovirus Envelope (?), Structure, and Presentation

A

Enveloped linear -ssRNA, helical. Examples: parainfluenza (croup), RSV (bronchiolitis in babies, treat with ribavirin), measles, mumps. PaRaMyxovirus

45
Q

Rhabdovirus Envelope (?), Structure, and Presentation

A

Enveloped, -ssRNA, helical. Rabies is an example

46
Q

Filovirus Envelope (?), Structure, and Presentation

A

Enveloped, -ssRNA, helical. Ebola/Marburg hemorrhagic fever–often fatal

47
Q

Arenavirus Envelope (?), Structure, and Presentation

A

Enveloped, -ssRNA, helical. Segmented with 2 segments. Examples: lymphoytic choriomeninitis virus (LCMV) and lassa fever encephalitis (spread by mice)

48
Q

Bunyavirus Envelope (?), Structure, and Presentation

A

Enveloped, -ssRNA, helical. Segmented with 3 segments. Examples: california encephalitis, sandfly/rift valley fevers, crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever, and hantavirus (hemorrhagic fever, pneumonia). the first 3 are arboviruses

49
Q

Bunyavirus Envelope (?), Structure, and Presentation

A

Enveloped, -ssRNA, helical. Segmented with 3 segments. Examples: california encephalitis, sandfly/rift valley fevers, crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever, and hantavirus (hemorrhagic fever, pneumonia). the first 3 are arboviruses

50
Q

Negative-stranded RNA Viruses Necessity

A

Must transcribe - to +. Therefore it brings its own RNA-dependent RNA polymerase

51
Q

Segmented Viruses

A

All are RNA viruses. BOAR (bunyaviruses, orthomyxoviruses, arenaviruses, reoviruses)

52
Q

Picornavirus Mechanism and Other Info

A

PERCH (poliovirus, echovirus, rhinovirus, coxsackievirus, HAV). RNA is translated into 1 large polypeptide that is cleaved by proteases into functional viral proteins. Can cause aseptic (viral) meningitis (except rhinovirus and HAV). All are enteroviruses (fecal/oral spread) except rhinovirus (doesn’t infect the GI tract bc it’s acid-labile

53
Q

Picornavirus Mechanism and Other Info

A

PERCH (poliovirus, echovirus, rhinovirus, coxsackievirus, HAV). RNA is translated into 1 large polypeptide that is cleaved by proteases into functional viral proteins. Can cause aseptic (viral) meningitis (except rhinovirus and HAV). All are enteroviruses (fecal/oral spread) except rhinovirus (doesn’t infect the GI tract bc it’s acid-labile

54
Q

Yellow Fever Virus Family, Transmission, and Symptoms

A

It’s a flavivirus (also an arbovirus) transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes. It has a monkey or human reservoir. Symptoms are high fever, BLCK vomitus, and jaundice (flavi=yellow/jaundice)

55
Q

Rotavirus Family and Disease

A

It is a reovirus. It is the most important global cause of infantile gastroenteritis. It is a major cause of acute diarrhea in the US during winter, especially in day-care centers and kindergartens. Villous destruction with atrophy. Vaccine available and recommended for all infants

56
Q

Rotavirus Family and Disease

A

It is a reovirus. It is the most important global cause of infantile gastroenteritis. It is a major cause of acute diarrhea in the US during winter, especially in day-care centers and kindergartens. Villous destruction with atrophy. Vaccine available and recommended for all infants

57
Q

Influenza Virus Two Important Molecules and Complications

A

Contains hemagglutinin (promotes viral entry) and neuraminidase (promotes progeny virion release) antigens. Patients at risk for fatal bacterial superinfection. Genetic drift causes epidemics, but genetic shift causes pandemics

58
Q

Influenza Virus Two Important Molecules and Complications

A

Contains hemagglutinin (promotes viral entry) and neuraminidase (promotes progeny virion release) antigens. Patients at risk for fatal bacterial superinfection. Genetic drift causes epidemics, but genetic shift causes pandemics

59
Q

Rubella Virus Information

A

It’s a togavirus. It causes rubella which is fever, lymphadenopathy, arthralgias, and fine rash which starts on face and spreads . Mild disease in children but serious congenital disease (a ToRCHeS infection). Congenital findings include “blueberry muffin” apperance along with the triad of cataracts, deafness, and PDA

60
Q

Paramyxovirus Basic Information

A

These include parainfluenza, RSV, measles, and mumps. They cause disease in children. All contain surface F (fusion) protein which causes respiratory epithelial cells to fuse. Palivizumab is an MAB against F protein and prevents pneumonia caused by RSV infection in premature infants

61
Q

Measles Virus Presentation

A

3 Cs: cough, coryza, conjunctivitis. Koplik spots (red/white spots on buccal mucosa that precede the rash by 1-2 days) and descending maculopapular rash are characteristic.

62
Q

Measles Virus Presentation

A

3 Cs: cough, coryza, conjunctivitis. Koplik spots (red/white spots on buccal mucosa that precede the rash by 1-2 days) and descending maculopapular rash are characteristic. Possible sequelae are encephalitis, giant cell pneumonia (in immunosuppressed) and subaute sclerosing panencphalitis years later. Vitamin A can be used to prevent severe exfoliative dermatitis in malnourished children

63
Q

Measles Virus Presentation

A

3 Cs: cough, coryza, conjunctivitis. Koplik spots (red/white spots on buccal mucosa that precede the rash by 1-2 days) and descending maculopapular rash are characteristic. Possible sequelae are encephalitis, giant cell pneumonia (in immunosuppressed) and subaute sclerosing panencphalitis years later. Vitamin A can be used to prevent severe exfoliative dermatitis in malnourished children

64
Q

Mumps Virus Presentation

A

You get parotitis, orchitis, and aseptic meningitis. Can cause sterility (especially after puberty).

65
Q

Rabies Virus Information

A

Rhabdovirus. Bullet-shaped. Commonly found in purkinje cells of cerebellum and in hippocampal neurons. Long incubation period (travels to CNS by migrating in a retrograde fashion). Postexposure treatment is wound cleansing and vaccination +/- rabies immune globulin. Progression: fever/malaise leads to agitation/photophobia/hydrophobia leads to paralysis/coma leads to death. From bat, raccoon, skunk, and dog bites.

66
Q

Hepatitis Signs and Symptoms

A

All Hepatitis: fever, jaundice, increased ALT and AST

67
Q

Hepatitis A Virus Presentation

A

Fecal-oral transmission (the vowels hit your bowels: a and e). Usually asymptomatic but can cause mild acute hepatitis

68
Q

Hepatitis E virus Presentation

A

Fecal-oral transmission (especially with waterborne epidemics). High mortality in pregnant women.

69
Q

Hepatitis A Virus Transmission and Presentation

A

Fecal-oral transmission (the vowels hit your bowels: a and e). Usually asymptomatic but can cause mild acute hepatitis

70
Q

Hepatitis E Virus Transmission and Presentation

A

Fecal-oral transmission (especially with waterborne epidemics). High mortality in pregnant women

71
Q

Hepatitis B Virus Transmission and Presentation

A

Parenteral, sexual, or maternal-fetal transmission. Usually acute hepatitis but can cause chronic hepatitis in the young/immunosuppressed. Integrates into host genome and acts as an oncogene thus increasing HCC risk

72
Q

Hepatits C Virus Transmission and Presentation

A

Transmitted mostly via blood. Generally chronic. Higher risk of HCC

73
Q

Hepatits C Virus Transmission and Presentation

A

Transmitted mostly via blood. Generally chronic. Higher risk of HCC

74
Q

Hepatitis D Virus Transmission and Presentation

A

Transmitted parenterally, sexually, or maternal-fetal (same as Hep B). Can only infect if Hep B is present. Can cause superinfection (infection after Hep B) or coinfection (longer course). Superinfection is bad for prognosis

75
Q

Hepatitis A Serologic Markers

A

Anti-HAV IgM indicates active Hep A and Anti-HAV IgG indicates prior HAV infection and/or prior vaccination. It also protects against reinfection

76
Q

Hepatitis B Serologic Markers

A

HBsAg: Surface antigen; indicates hepatitis B infection. Anti-HBs: antibody to surface antigen; indicates immunity to hep B. HBcAg: core antigen. Anti-HBc: antibody to core antigen; IgM=acute/recent infection and IgG=prior exposure OR chronic infection; positive during window period.

77
Q

Hepatitis B Serologic Markers

A

HBsAg: Surface antigen; indicates hepatitis B infection. Anti-HBs: antibody to surface antigen; indicates immunity to hep B. HBcAg: core antigen. Anti-HBc: antibody to core antigen; IgM=acute/recent infection and IgG=prior exposure OR chronic infection; positive during window period. HBeAg: envelope antigen; indicates replication/transmissibility. Anti-HBe: antibody to HBeAg; indicates low transmissibility

78
Q

Hepatitis B Serologic Markers

A

HBsAg: Surface antigen; indicates hepatitis B infection. Anti-HBs: antibody to surface antigen; indicates immunity to hep B. HBcAg: core antigen. Anti-HBc: antibody to core antigen; IgM=acute/recent infection and IgG=prior exposure OR chronic infection; positive during window period. Not present if immunized. HBeAg: envelope antigen; indicates replication/transmissibility. Anti-HBe: antibody to HBeAg; indicates low transmissibility; not present if immunized

79
Q

HIV Genome and 3 Structural Genes

A

Diploid genome (2 molecules of RNA). Structural genes: env: gp120 is for attachment to host CD4+ T cell and gp41 is for fusion and entry. Gag is the capsid protein. Pol is the reverse transcriptase/protease/integrase

80
Q

HIV Co-Receptors

A

Virus binds CCR5 (early) or CXCR4 (late) co-receptor and CD4 on T cells. However, it binds CCR5 and CD4 on macrophages. Thus if you have a homozygous CCR5 mutation you have immunity (heterozygous is a slower course)

81
Q

HIV Co-Receptors

A

Virus binds CCR5 (early) or CXCR4 (late) co-receptor and CD4 on T cells. However, it binds CCR5 and CD4 on macrophages. Thus if you have a homozygous CCR5 mutation you have immunity (heterozygous is a slower course)

82
Q

HIV Diagnosis

A

Diagnosis made with ELISA (sensitive test). Results confirmed with Western blot (specific). HIV PCR/viral load tests determine the amount of viral RNA in the plasma. Progression observed via CD4+ cell count

83
Q

HIV Diagnosis

A

Diagnosis made with ELISA (sensitive test). Results confirmed with Western blot (specific). HIV PCR/viral load tests determine the amount of viral RNA in the plasma. Progression observed via CD4+ cell count (

84
Q

HIV Stages of Infection

A

Flu-like (acute), feeling fine (latent), falling count, final crisis

85
Q

HIV Stages of Infection

A

Flu-like (acute), feeling fine (latent), falling count, final crisis

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