Chapter 12: Moral Development

Question 1

compliance

Answer 1

Voluntary obedience to requests and commands.

Question 2

construction

Answer 2

In moral development, the process of actively attending to and interrelating multiple perspectives on situations in which social conflicts
arise and thereby attaining new moral understandings.

Question 3

conventional level

Answer 3

Kohlberg’s second level of moral development, in which moral understanding is based on conforming to social rules to ensure positive human relationships and maintain societal order.

Question 4

delay of gratification

Answer 4

Ability to wait for an appropriate time and place to engage in a tempting act.

Question 5

heteronomous morality

Answer 5

Piaget’s first stage of moral development, in which children view rules as handed down by authorities, as having a permanent existence, as unchangeable, and as requiring strict obedience.

Question 6

ideal reciprocity

Answer 6

A standard of fairness based on mutuality of expectations, as expressed in the Golden Rule: “Do unto others as you would have them do unto you.”

Question 7

induction

Answer 7

A type of discipline in which the adult helps the child notice others’ feelings by pointing out the effects of the child’s misbehavior on others, especially noting their distress and making clear that the child caused it.

Question 8

internalization

Answer 8

In moral development, the process of adopting societal standards for right action as one’s own.

Question 9

matters of personal choice

Answer 9

Concerns that do not violate rights or others’ welfare and are up to the individual. Distinguished from moral imperatives and social conventions.

Question 10

moral identity

Answer 10

An individual’s endorsement of moral values, such as fairness, kindness, and generosity, as central to his or her self-concept.

Question 11

moral imperatives

Answer 11

Social rules and expectations that protect people’s rights

and welfare. Distinguished from social conventions and matters of personal choice.

Question 12

moral self‐regulation

Answer 12

The ability to monitor one’s own conduct,constantly

adjusting it as circumstances present opportunities to violate inner standards.

Question 13

morality of cooperation

Answer 13

Piaget’s second stage of moral development, in
which children view rules as flexible, socially agreed-on principles that can be revised to suit the will of the majority.

Question 14

physical aggression

Answer 14

A form of aggression that harms others through physical

injury to themselves or their property. Distinguished from verbal aggression and relational aggression.

Question 15

postconventional level

Answer 15

Kohlberg’s highest level of moral development, in

which individuals define morality in terms of abstract principles and values that apply to all situations and societies.

Question 16

preconventional level

Answer 16

Kohlberg’s first level of moral development, in which

morality is externally controlled—based on rewards, punishments, and the power of authority figures.

Question 17

proactive aggression

Answer 17

A type of aggression in which children act to fulfill a need or desire—obtain an object, privilege, space, or social reward—and unemotionally attack a person to achieve their goal. Also called instrumental aggression. Distinguished from reactive aggression.

Question 18

reactive aggression

Answer 18

An angry, defensive response to a provocation or a blocked goal; intended to hurt another person. Also called hostile aggression. Distinguished from proactive aggression.

Question 19

realism

Answer 19

In Piaget’s heteronomous stage of moral development, the child’s tendency to view rules, like other mental phenomena, as fixed external features of reality.

Question 20

relational aggression

Answer 20

A form of aggression that damages a peer’s relation- ships through social exclusion, malicious gossip, or friendship manipulation. Distinguished from physical aggression and verbal aggression.

Question 21

social conventions

Answer 21

Customs, such as table manners and rituals of social interaction, that are determined solely by consensus. Distinguished from moral imperatives and matters of personal choice.

Question 22

time out

Answer 22

A form of mild punishment in which children are removed from the immediate setting until they are ready to act appropriately.

Question 23

verbal aggression

Answer 23

A form of reactive aggression that harms others through threats of physical aggression, name-calling, or hostile teasing. Distinguished from physical aggression and relational aggression.

Question 24

physical aggression

Answer 24

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Question 25

postconventional level

Answer 25

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Question 26

preconventional level

Answer 26

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Question 27

proactive aggression

Answer 27

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Question 28

reactive aggression

Answer 28

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Question 29

realism

Answer 29

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Question 30

relational aggression

Answer 30

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Question 31

social conventions

Answer 31

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Question 32

time out

Answer 32

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Question 33

verbal aggression

Answer 33

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