3.7 Flashcards
(150 cards)
1
Q
What increased the need for the English to gain control of Ireland?
A
the break with Rome, added to religious tensions -> Ireland remained Roman Catholic
->Irish Catholic sympathies might have led to their support for a Catholic Crusade against England
2
Q
Who were the Anglo-Irish lords and how did they feel?
A
A descendant of earlier English settlers (intermarried with indigenous Irish) -> felt increasingly alienated and threatened by English policy.
3
Q
Where did England. control in Ireland?
A
Dublin and the Pale -> through a Lord Deputy, most of Ireland was controlled by Anglo-Irish members of nobility
4
Q
What was tanistry?
A
Irish system that governed the inheritance of titles and land -> organised by clans… who were ruled by a leader chosen from the male adults of the clan
5
Q
What was a policy of conciliation?
A
A peaceful method in which a compromise was reached between the English and Anglo-Irish (used less after break with Rome)
6
Q
What was recognised by the chieftains in 1541?
A
Henry’s right to be King -> also encouraged by the English gov to surrender their lands to the Crown
7
Q
After surrendering their lands to the Crown what were the Anglo-Irish regranted?
A
Lands surrendered to the crown were re-granted to the Anglo-Irish and were given English titles
8
Q
What did it mean for the Irish nobility to be ‘tenants-in-chief’?
A
Under the medieval system, all land was technically owned by the King… the nobility were his tenants and rent was usually paid through their military service
9
Q
What did the Earl of Sussex as Lord Deputy encourage?
A
Fortified the Pale, and encouraged English settlers to move into territory just outside the Pale -> the Irish people were being ‘civilised’
-> system was known as Plantation
10
Q
How did E strengthen her control of Ireland to prevent an Irish-Catholic Rising?
A
-More hard-line policy
-Traditions and laws in Ireland replaced with English ones
-Tried to establish Councils (like CoN) in Connaught and Munster, led by a President
-Irish regions were split into English-style counties which were run under traditional English methods (officials and sheriffs)
11
Q
What did more direct English intervention lead to?
A
Unsuccessful rebellions in Munster, 1569 and 1579-83
12
Q
How many English settlers in Ireland by 1592?
A
775 (greatly outnumbered by the Indigenous Irish)
13
Q
Why did an increase in English settlers in Ireland lead to increased tension?
A
-Settlers saw Irish as backwards and superstitious
-Settlers felt it was their God-given duty to convert the Irish
-Irish Catholics began to link the protection of their religious beliefs with the protection of their Irish values
14
Q
What was composition?
A
Landowners in Ireland had to pay various charges to their English and Irish overlords -> English plan was to commute these payments into one
-> used as a means of increasing English control over Ireland
15
Q
When was composition used in Connaught?
A
1585 -> Connaught land owners forced to agree to commutation of traditional payments
-> Council of Connaught agreed to pay a yearly rent of 10 shillings for every 50 hectares of inhabited land they owned
-> superficially better deal and Anglo-Irish chieftains expected to accept new English-style law
16
Q
Who was Ulster controlled by?
A
the O’Neill clan -> rivalled by the O’Donnells
17
Q
What were two English courtiers granted in Eastern Ulster?
A
Earl of Essex and Sir Thomas Smith -> granted a contract to establish a settlement in Eastern Ulster
-> plantation failed, spiralled into violence
18
Q
Who opposed the plantations in Eastern Ulster?
A
O’Neills and O’Donnells
19
Q
How did the English respond to the opposition of the chieftains to English settlement in Ulster?
A
1574 -> 200 members of the O’Neill clan massacred
1575 -> 500 members of the O’Donnell clan killed in a surprise raid
E called off plantation in 1576
20
Q
When did Hugh O’Neill accept the title of the Earl of Tyrone?
A
1585
-> chieftains of Ulster agreed to commutation and regranting of estates to Crown in 1585
21
Q
Who did the English execute to make the Ulster plantations possible?
A
1590 -> execution of chief of the MacMahon clan, Hugh Roe MacMahon
-> MacMahon lands given to English settlers such as Sir Henry Bagenal
22
Q
How was the English commutation/agreement with the Anglo-Irish lords a trap?
A
Anyone who failed to keep their side of the agreement with the English could be charged with treason under English law
23
Q
Why was Tyrone at times willing to work with the English?
A
with treason under English law
Why was Tyrone at times willing to work with the English?
In feud with overall head of the O’Neill clan -> title made him more likely to be the clan’s heir
24
Q
How did Tyrone try and neutralise the threat from the English?
A
Making a marriage alliance with the sister of Sir Henry Bagenal, Sir Henry refused but Tyrone and Mabel eloped
-> tension between Tyrone and Bagenal as a result
25
What happened to Hugh Roe O'Donnell?
Kidnapped and imprisoned within Dublin Castle -> held prisoner to make his Father obey English rule
-> after 4 years of imprisonment O'Donnell escaped
26
Who was another Ulster lord that resented the English?
Hugh Maguire
27
How were O'Donnell and Maguire linked to Tyrone?
Married to his daughters
-> their plotting made it hard for him to remain neutral
28
When did Maguire an attack on English officials?
May 1593 launched attack on officials in Sligo
29
What was Tyrone expected to do after Maguire's attack?
Ordered by the Lord Deputy to arrest Maguire -> Tyrone refused
-> however, Maguire attacked English garrison and Tyrone was forced to cooperate with Bagenal to help capture Maguire
30
When was Maguire captured?
October 1593
31
Why did Tyrone feel increasingly threatened by the English?
Wanted to be given overall rule of Ulster (Bagenal failed to acknowledge the help that Tyrone had given)
32
Examples of Anglo-Irish nobility not facing proper consideration by the English?
earl of Ormond = one of the most influential Anglo-Irish nobility, never appointed as Lord Deputy (E's cousin)
-> appointments to office in Ireland increasingly dominated by minor English officials who had access to Court patronage
33
What did O'Donnell ask for in 1593?
In touch with Philip II, not forthcoming with support... dealing with trouble in the Netherlands
34
What was besieged in June 1594?
O'Donnell and Maguire besieged English held Enniskillen Castle
35
What did Maguire do in August 1594?
Helped by Tyrone's brother, they ambushed an English relief force and killed 56 English soldiers
36
What did Tyrone promise and to who in 1594?
Tyrone presented himself to the new and inexperienced Lord Deputy (Sir William Russell) and promised to restore peace to Ulster -> in return wanted complete control of Ulster
37
Did Russell trust Tyrone?
Prepared to believe Tyrone's promises and didn't arrest him -> Tyrone allowed to keep his private army
38
Did E support Russell and give Tyrone the power he desired/consequence?
E unprepared to grant such control -> Tyrone's grievances therefore continued to grow
-> Tyrone rebelled in May 1595
39
Where did Tyrone's loyalties lie?
Loyalty to Irish roots, resented increasing English intervention
-> catholic faith strong
40
How many troops did Tyrone have in 1595?
1,000 calvary
4,000 musket men
1,000 pikemen
(also had the support of other Ulster chieftains -> O'Donnell and Maguire)
41
How well-equipped/trained were Tyrone's men?
Tyrone's troops used modern weapons (muskets and pikes) -> force was supplemented by deserters from the English army (recruited due to being experienced fighters)
-> Tyrone's calvary better trained than English horsemen
42
Who else joined Tyrone as a result of his successes?
Connaught 1595, 1598 Leinster and Munster
-> James FitzThomas and Florence MacCarthy = key supporters
43
How many troops did Tyrone have in 1596 (vs the English)?
6000 foot soldiers and 1200 calvary
English had -> 5,732 footmen and 617 calvary
44
Why was there an incentive for Spain to support Tyrone/the Irish?
-> duty to help Catholics against Protestants
-> chance to destabilise the English war effort
-> English had been sent to help the Protestants in the Netherlands
45
When did Spanish-Irish contact begin?
1593
-> further negotiations in September 1595
46
What did Philip agree to send in 1596?
A second armada (to Ireland) -> sending 100 ships
47
What happened to the 100 ships that Philip sent?
Dispersed by strong winds -> 32 ships were lost and the rest returned to Spain
48
Why was Philip III uncertain regarding Ireland?
-Troops and ships were expensive and dangerous to send
-Sending an army to Ireland would allow him to establish a base from which he could invade England
-Didn't have enough troops to send to Ireland before 1601
49
What problems did Philip III's troops have on the journey to Ireland in January 1601?
-Ships separated
-Ships lost that contained weapons and ammunition
50
How many Spanish troops were left upon their arrival in Ireland?
3400/6000
51
Significance of Spanish support for Tyrone?
More of a threat than a reality -> bad luck meant the invasion force that arrived was too late to significantly contribute
52
What was the early focus of the Nine Year's War?
English garrison forts on the border of Ulster -> English fort at Blackwater attacked by the rebels, English commander surrendered
53
How many men did Lord Deputy Russell have?
1,100
54
How the gov try and increase English troops?
Withdrawing troops from Brittany (had been fighting Spain) -> 2,000 men promised and only 1,616 arrived (many in poor condition)
55
What did the Irish capture in May 1595?
Enniskillen Castle
56
How many men did Bagenal march with to help the besieged garrison at Enniskillen?
1,750 -> ambushed by Tyrone's men and Bagenal forced to fight and use much of gunpowder... supplies very low
57
What happened on the 27th May 1595?
Bagenal and men returned to Newry... ambushed by Tyrone's forces (4,000 strong)
58
What tactics did Tyrone use in the Battle of Clontibret and how many troops?
4,000 -> well-trained musket men hidden on both sides of the road, fired at Bagenal's column of men, English column forced to slow down
59
How many English casualties were there at the Battle of Clontibret/end result ?
31 -> 109 wounded... troops also ran out of gunpowder
-> Bagenal had to be rescued by sea
60
How did the English respond to Clontibret?
Retook Blackwater
61
Why were rebel tactics becoming less successful?
-tactic of capturing and garrisoning small fortresses was making them vulnerable
-too expensive and dangerous
-E keen to negotiate = cheaper
62
What settlement was reached by March 1596?
Tyrone agreed to submit, pay damages and stop demanding freedom of worship and accept English sovereignty
-> English agreed to remove their garrisons and Tyrone would keep control of Ulster/any rebels causing trouble
63
Why had negotiations broken down by May 1596?
In the autumn of 1595 and early 1596, rebels and Philip II had began negotiations
64
What negotiations did the rebels make with the Spanish?
Tyrone and O'Donnell offered crown of Ireland to the Archduke Albert in September 1595 -> AA = Spanish catholic governor of the Netherlands, nephew of Philip II
-> rebels wanted a Spanish army plus money and weapons
65
What did Philip offer in the negotiations?
Sent representatives to discuss a Spanish invasion -> led to an unsuccessful armada being sent in October 1596
66
What did Tyrone claim he had the right to grant/why?
Right to grant lordships and positions in other regions of Ireland -> Tyrone attempting to unite all Anglo-Irish chieftains
-> emphasised his control and right to give followers titles
-> James FitzThomas the Earl of Desmond
67
Due to English control slipping away, who did the English gov decide to replace, and with who?
1597 -> replaced the Lord Deputy, Sir William Russell and the commander of the English army, Sir Henry Norris
-> replaced with one man -> Thomas, Lord Burgh (experienced soldier and administrator)
68
What was Burgh's plan to deal with Tyrone?
-Initially to march into Ulster, aiming for Tyrone's estates in Dungannon, outnumbered by Tyrone's forces
-Burgh decided build a series of new fortifications along the Blackwater river
-Fortifications at Blackwater aimed to give additional protection to the English garrison at armagh
69
When did Burgh die and what problem did this cause?
October 1597 -> English lacked a Lord Deputy and leader of the army (previous commander, Henry Norris, also dead)
70
Problems with fortress at Blackwater?
Garrison of just 150 men -> defended only by earthworks
71
What other threat was the English gov dealing with during Tyrone's rebellion?
Distracted by the news of another Spanish Armada in October 1597
72
Who was put in control of the English army after Burgh's death?
the Anglo-Irish Earl of Ormond
73
When did Tyrone agree to a truce?
December 1597 (E aiming to further divide rebels by offering negotiations) -> using the breathing space to prepare for another attack
74
What did Tyrone do in June 1598 when the truce came to an end?
Began to besiege Blackwater Fort, Ormond tried to respond but the army had Irish soldiers who couldn't be trusted to be loyal
75
Who did Ormond accept help from and why?
Faced with a rebel army of 5000 men, had to accept help from Sir Henry Bagenal -> Bagenal offered an extra 4,200 men and began to march to Blackwater
76
When were the English attacked at Yellow Ford?
11 August 1598 -> English under fire from both sides
77
What slowed the English army at Yellow Ford?
-Slowed by attempts to cross the ford
-heavy English artillery became stuck in boggy ground near the river
78
Number of casualties at the Battle of Yellow Ford?
Bagenal killed
830 of his men dead
400 men wounded
300 in the English army deserted to join rebels
79
How many of his 4000 men did Bagenal return with?
2000
80
Where else rebelled. in the wake of Tyrone and his success at Yellow Ford?
Munster plantations overthrown rapidly -> English too concerned about Ulster
-> most settlers fled or were captured/killed by the rebels
in a few days... Munster colony destroyed
81
How many troops did E send to Ireland in the wake of Yellow Ford?
1,900 troops -> backed with 6,300 more men sent between October 1598 and January 1599
82
Who did E replace Burgh with/when?
March 1599 -> appointed Robert Devereux (Earl of Essex) as Lord Lieutenant of Ireland
83
Who was Sir Donough O'Connor?
One of the few Irish chieftains that had continued to support the English gov during Tyrone's rebellion
84
Upon arriving in Ireland what military situation did Essex have to deal with?
Irish attack on O'Connor at Collooney Castle -> under siege by O'Donnell, couldn't afford for one of the few English supporters among the Irish to be captured
85
Who did Essex send to rescue O'Connor?
President of Connaught, Sir Conyers Clifford
86
How many me did Clifford march with?
1,490 footmen and 205 cavalry -> had to cross Curlew Pass Mountains to get to Collooney
87
When were Clifford's army ambushed?
15 August 1599 -> English trapped in unfamiliar geography
88
What happened to Clifford's army as a result of being ambushed?
Could not escape, surrounded by woods and marsh, troops began to panic and flee
-> besieged O'Connor forced to surrender
89
How much of Clifford's army was killed?
1/3 and Clifford
90
What did Essex deem to be impossible and what did E order?
No longer possible to attack Tyrone (English army sick and Irish soldiers deserting)
-> E ordered Essex to march North to Ulster
91
When Essex met Tyrone at Louth, what was agreed to?
Tyrone's army = much larger -> Essex negotiated with Tyrone in private, Essex and Tyrone agreed on a truce
92
What did the truce between Tyrone and Essex dictate?
Rebels allowed to occupy all the lands and fortresses that they had captured
93
Who was Sir Henry Bagenal?
-Member of the English gentry, also had estates in Ireland
-Keen to expand estates = conflict with Tyrone
94
What disputes did Bagenal get into?
Upset English authorities by getting into disputes with other settlers
-> 1586 summoned to court to explain his disagreements with Dublin authorities -> tried to convince Cecil that England should rule Ireland differently
95
What was one of Bagenal's suggestions for the English gov?
Division of O'Neills lands and for Ulster to have its own council and President
96
What did the tensions between Bagenal and Tyrone arguably lead to?
Explains Tyrone feeling increasingly alienated from the English authorities -> Bagenal's actions provoked Tyrone into rebelling (dangerous to alienate Tyrone-most powerful chieftain)
97
What was Bagenal's military role?
role of marshal -> responsible for the organisation of the royal armies
-> however not a good military tactician and didn't learn from his mistakes
98
What two defeats did Bagenal lead troops into?
Clontibret, 1595 and Yellow Ford, 1598
99
MacCarthy family?
Friendly relationship with the English -> even helped to put down the Munster rebellions
-> could muster 5,000 fighting men
100
Why was Florence MacCarthy under suspicion from the gov?
-Catholic
-Had learnt Spanish
-Arrested 1589, threat to English interests
-Marriage alliance that made him MacCarthy Mor, even more power
101
Where did MacCarthy spend 2 years?
Tower of London
102
Who was the rival claimant to MacCarthy Mor?
Donal MacCarthy -> English prepared to support him to stop Florence becoming more powerful
103
Who did MacCarthy negotiate with?
Tyrone recognised MacCarthy as MacCarthy Mor -> Florence was not easily convinced
-> MacCarthy played O'Neill against the English, negotiated with both sides
-> florence even promised the English that he would support them if he was given the title of MacCarthy Mor
104
How did MacCarthy contradict himself?
Let Tyrone's mercenaries onto his land whilst writing to E to reinforce his loyalty
105
When did MacCarthy commit troops?
Committed troops to neither -> however his men ambushed the English troops when they destroyed his estates at Carbery
106
Why was MacCarthy rearrested?
Carew suspicious but issued pardon -> when Munster rebellion began he was arrested and sent back to prison
-> his removal from Ireland was important for the English
107
Who was the Earl of Essex?
One of E's Court favourites -> and stepson to the Earl of Leicester -> became the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland;and in 1599
108
How was his lack of skill as a military commander demonstrated?
-Poor organisation, didn't have necessary equipment (planned to trap Tyrone but didn't have the resources necessary)
-Poor strategic decisions, sent half of troops to bolster English garrisons, wasted a valuable resource by splitting up troops
-Created a campaign in Munster that wore out his troops and created unnecessary expense, continued to suffer losses at the likes of Curlew Pass
109
what did E vs the Council in Dublin advise Essex to do?
-Advised marching North to face Tyrone was foolhardy
-E wanted Essex to deal with Tyrone
110
By august 1599 how many troops did Essex have?
4000/17,200 (outnumbered by Tyrone)
111
What led to Essex leaving his post?
Chose to meet Tyrone without any witnesses -> Cecil (Essex's Court enemy) claimed that Essex's talk wit Tyrone had been treasonous
112
When did Essex leave Ireland?
24 September 1599, left Ireland disobeying E's orders
-> his disobedience and incompetence led to a trial before the Privy Council -> replaced by Lord Mountjoy
113
Who was Lord Mountjoy?
Another English courtier with considerable experience fighting in the Netherlands and France
114
What problems did Mountjoy encounter when he arrived in Ireland?
Truce with Tyrone expired in January 1600 -> Tyrone marched North into Munster with 2,000 men and set up camp near the port of Kinsale
115
What worked to Mountjoy's advantage when he arrived in Ireland?
-Decisive military leader
-13,200 men and used resources well
-helped by the new president of munster, Sir George Carew (experienced military commander)
-Hugh Maguire dead
-Tyrone withdrawn from Kinsale
116
Which rebellion was Carew suppressing?
Munster -> with 3000 reinforcements (Mountjoy able to concentrate on Ulster)
117
Where did Mountjoy's forces sail to?
4000 men sailed to Lough Foyle on the northern coast of Ulster -> surrounded Tyrone
118
When did Mountjoy take on Tyrone himself?
September 1600 -> Tyrone still too strong, his army able to resist the English
119
How many men were killed during Mountjoy's campaign?
75 and 300 wounded
120
Why were the Spanish troops too late?
Agreed to send troops in January 1601 (rebellion still in full force) -> arrived May 1601, Carew had suppressed most of the unrest
121
Why was the presence of Spain in Ireland dangerous for Mountjoy/England?
Presence of the Spanish may encourage former rebels in Munster to rise again -> needed to stop Tyrone from joining with the Spanish
122
Where did Mountjoy march in October 1601?
Kinsale and besieged it with 7000 men -> Tyrone also marched there... needed a decisive victory over the English
123
When did Tyrone arrive in Kinsale and with how many men?
21 December 1601 -> 6,500 meen
124
What happen to the English when Tyrone marched to Kinsale?
Trapped between the Spanish and Irish armies
125
What was happening to Mountjoy's troops trapped between the Irish and Spanish?
-Exhausted
-Supplies running low
-Disease
-Desertion
-Reduced numbers to 6,600
126
How did Tyrone plan to attack Mountjoy?
Joint attack with the Spanish on land and sea -> prepared to risk open battle, which he usually avoided
127
When did Mountjoy launch a surprise attack?
24th December 1601
128
What did the Irish and Spanish troops react to the surprise attack?
-Irish horsemen panicked, turned around and ran into their own army... army scattered
-Spanish didn't attack, waiting for the Irish to arrive at arranged meeting point
129
What was the result of the Battle of Kinsale?
Last major military engagement of the rebellion
-> Tyrone retreated to Ulster and O'Donnell fled to Spain, Spanish troops surrendered in January 1602
130
What was Dunboy Castle?
South west coast of Ireland -> held by the Irish rebel O'Sullivan Bere in the name of the Spanish King
131
What was the siege (events)? When?
April 1602 -> Carew organised a siege at Dunboy, planned to transport troops by water
-> Constable MacGeohegan came to warn Carew... soldiers trapped if they landed on the beach
132
Where did the English troops base themselves during the siege of Dunboy?
On the beach -> made determined by arrival of a Spanish ship carrying gold and weapons... Carew wanted to take castle before the Spanish did
133
Events of the siege of Dunboy?
-English opened fire on the castle with cannon
-Cannon broke down walls, English launched assault on the castle, trapping rebels in the vaults
-Cannon kept firing by Carew, killed all defenders/caused surrender
-MacGeohegan tried to blow up the castle with remaining gunpowder
134
Results of the siege of Dunboy (casualties etc.)?
-Dunboy destroyed, couldn't be used by rebels any further
-58 of the defenders executed
-None of the 143 men in the Dunboy garrison survived
-Ended Nine Years War
135
What happened to Tyrone after the siege of Dunboy?
Mountjoy pursued Tyrone into Ulster with 3000 men
-> Tyrone didn't fight back and hid in local woods, followers submitted
136
When did E allow Mountjoy to negotiate with Tyrone?
February 1603
137
When did Tyrone finally submit?
30 March 1603
138
What terms did Tyrone receive as part of his surrender?
-Pardoned
-Recognised as the Chief Lord of Ulster under the English Crown
139
Why was Tyrone given such lenient terms?
E had died 6 days before -> M eager to return to Court and integrate himself with the new King
140
What was the crown's avg income under E?
£300,000 per annum under E
141
How much did it cost E to maintain English forces in the Netherlands?
£100,000 per annum
142
How much extra did the Irish conflict add to crown expenses per month/total?
£5000 extra per month -> total £300,000 on campaigns in Ulster
(ireland biggest expense by 1596)
143
How many troops were sent to Ireland?
30, 592 from 36 English counties
144
What were the majority of the English soldiers being sent to Ireland like?
Untrained and undisciplined (so desperate England were sending their well trained soldiers)
145
Why was there early a mutiny in 1600?
Ireland seen to be frightening and dangerous -> increasing reluctance to serve there from the English
-> nearly a mutiny from the Kentish cavalry who wanted to avoid serving there
146
How much did supplies for Ireland cost Kent's taxpayers?
56 cavalry and 600 footmen = £3324 for Kent taxpayers
147
How did Ireland campaign contribute to societal discontent?
Increased levels of tax -> worsened poor harvests, famine etc
-> 1596 men of Middlesex refused to contribute to local payments for musters
148
What was Tyrone's income?
£80,000 per annum -> army cost him £500 a day (well-equipped men compared to England)
149
What caused problems for the English troops in Ireland?
They were fighting in unfamiliar territory
-> logistical problems transporting men and horses to Ireland
150
What type of tactics did Tyrone use?
Guerrilla warfare, ambush and occasional sieges
