Lecture 6: nervous system and perception Flashcards

1
Q

Stigma eye

A
  • protozoan
  • small opaque area in front of light-sensitive pigments
  • provide animals with directional information
  • compare light coming from 2 or more directions
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2
Q

pinhole eye

A
  • eye cup with tiny opening
  • receive precise but INVERTED image

DISADV. : small amount of light enter, bending of light reduce quality.

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3
Q

lens eye

A
  • Lens in dense
  • bends and focus the light more than pinhole eye
  • rods: active at night
  • cones: active daytime

DISADV: alter lens and change focal point, defects can occur (far-sighted or astigmatism)

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4
Q

compound eye

A
  • typical for insects (fly)
  • many eye cups, each with a lens

ADV: low weight and volume for bees,flies, etc.
flicker fusion rate

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5
Q

flicker fusion rate

A

can distinguish 2 separate images closely spaced in time.

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6
Q

color discrimination

A

bees can see UV light, blue, yellow-green

humans: blue, yellow-green and yellow-orange

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7
Q

lateral inhibition

A

interaction between receptors in retina, causes inhibition in certain receptors to emphasize contrast

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8
Q

feature detectors

A

wired to sort out specific stimuli and exaggerate their differences

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9
Q

sound

A

vibration of molecules

Animal hearing, 0.1- 100,000 Hz

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10
Q

particle-detector ear

(invertebrates)

A

antennal hairs
lateral-line organs
body hairs
subgenual organ

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11
Q

1st limitations to particle-detector ear?

A

limited resonance frequency, deaf to most sounds

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12
Q

overcome resonance frequency by?

A

using different detectors of diff. resonance

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13
Q

2nd limitation

A

cannot distinguish quiet sound or loud sound close to peak resonance

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14
Q

3rd limitation

A

deaf to sounds where detector is pointed, sensitive to sound from the side.

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15
Q

pressure gradient ear

A

membrane respond to difference in pressure b/w 2 openings of cavity

ADV: more sensitive and broader frequency, ideal for smaller animals

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16
Q

pressure difference ear

A

membrane thin, low mass, stretched across a high-mass cavity

17
Q

low or high frequency travel

A

low travel faster due to longer wavelengths

18
Q

doppler effect

A

movement of sound toward or away from listener

19
Q

echolocation

A

performed by bats, marine mammals

3 classes of bat cries:

20
Q

echolocation

A
performed by bats, marine mammals
3 classes of bat cries: 
- frequency modulated
- constant frequency
- measure doppler effect of CF echo of it's cry, to determine their speed. 
-
21
Q

taste

A

salt
sweet
sour
bitter

22
Q

5th taste receptor

A

umami MSG

23
Q

taste receptors for insect

A

same four taste receptors on each hair of feet

they find food by stepping on it

24
Q

olfaction

A

butyl mercaptan –> skunk like odor
humans have 5 millions, dogs have 100-300 millions receptors
animals use odors to synchronize ovulation in females

25
Q

Thermal location

A

“see” infrared light/ heat with detector

rattle snake strike anterior of mice

26
Q

electrolocation

A

detect electric field

innervated bulbs in some fishes

27
Q

magnetic location

A

pigeons sense earth’s magnetic field

28
Q

circadian rhythm

A
  • crickets know when to sing, independent to environmental cues
  • visual signals need to entrain cycle
  • biological clock occur in optic lobe