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IHO Week 2 > Specific Acquired Immunity > Flashcards

Specific Acquired Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

What pathway is taken to display antigens on MHC Class I?

A
  • Antigens are synthesized with in the cell

- Cell antigens of antigens from cell infections

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2
Q

What cell types express MHC Class I?

A

Expressed on all cells except RBCs. Lack of expression on RBCs may play a role in persistence of the malaria parasite, plasmodium

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3
Q

What T cell types interact with MHC Class I?

A

Recognized by CD8+ killer T cells

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4
Q

What is the result of T cell interaction with MHC Class I?

A

It surveys every cell in the body and makes sure it’s doing what it should be doing,
If CD8+ cell is activated:
-CD8+ cells expand/clone
-Daughter cell binds cell showing activation peptide
-T cell delivers lethal hit to that cell by signaling the target cell to commit suicide through apoptosis
-Target cell’s nucleus disintegrates and the cell dies

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5
Q

What pathway is taken to display antigens on MHC Class II?

A

Antigens are products of uptake from the environment and phagocytosis.

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6
Q

What cell types express MHC Class II?

A

Expressed on monocytes/macrophages, dendritic cells, B cells and epithelial cells of the thymus.

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7
Q

What T cell types interact with MHC Class II?

A

Recognized by CD4+ helper T cells.

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8
Q

What is the result of T cell interaction with MHC Class II?

A

Antibodies will be produced? B cell response?

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9
Q

What is is MHC known as?

A

HLA (human leukocyte antigens) - inherited in mendelian fashion - some from each parent

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10
Q

What are the common lymphocyte markers?

A

Antigen receptors & CDs

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11
Q

Which lymphocytes markers are expressed on T cells?

A
  • TCR (alpha-beta or gamma-delta) - antigen receptor
  • CD3 (part of TCR complex)
  • Some have CD4, some have CD8, some have CD23
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12
Q

Which lymphocyte markers are expressed on B cells?

A

Immunoglobulin (Ig) - antigen receptor

  • CD1
  • CD19
  • CD20
  • CD23
  • CD40
  • CD79a (part of BCR complex)
  • CD79b (part of BCR complex)
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13
Q

What are the five specialized subtypes of T helper cells?

A

Th1, Th2, Th17, Tfh, Treg (not helper: CTL)

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14
Q

What main cytokines drive a HSC to a lymphoid progenitor cell?

A

IL-7 and IL-3

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15
Q

What cytokines are general activators of T cells?

A

IL-2 and IL-15

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16
Q

What cytokines drive T helper cells to Th1 helper cells?

A

IL-12 and IFN-gamma

17
Q

What cytokines drive T helper cells to Th2 helper cells?

A

IL-4

18
Q

What cytokine down regulates Th1?

A

IL-10

19
Q

What cytokines down-regulates both Th1 and Th2?

A

TGF-beta

20
Q

Are T helper cells considered CD4+ or CD8+ T cells?

A

CD4+ T cells

-CD4+ increases their affinity for antigen and helps them get activated.

21
Q

What do Th1 (helper) cells do?

A
  • Recognize antigen and make a lymphokine that attracts thousands of macrophages (heavy duty phagocytes) to area where antigen has been recognized.
  • This intense inflammation can wipe out a serious infection (or a transplanted kidney)
22
Q

What do Th2 (helper) cells do?

A
  • Stimulated macrophages to become ‘alternatively activated’, able to function in walling-off pathogens and promoting healing, a process that usually takes place after the pathogen-killing Th1 response.
  • They are very important in parasite immunity
23
Q

What do Th17 cells do?

A
  • Similar to Th1 in that their main role is to cause focused inflammation
  • More powerful than Th1
  • Have been implicated in many serious forms of autoimmunity
24
Q

What do Tfh (follicular helper) cells do?

A
  • Stimulated by antigen and migrate from T cell areas of lymph nodes into the B cell follicles
  • In B cell follicles, they help B cells get activated and make IgM, IgG, IgE and IgA antibody subclasses.
25
Q

What do Treg (regulatory) cells do?

A
  • Make cytokines that suppress the activation and function of Th1, Th17 and Th2 cells
  • They keep the immune response in check
26
Q

What do CTL (cytotoxic/killer T cells) do?

A

-Destroy any body cell they identify as bearing a foreign or abnormal antigen on its surface

27
Q

How are target cells recognized for CTL cells?

A
  • They examine surfaces of incoming dendritic cells for presented antigen fragments.
  • In this case, they are looking for fragments on a different class of antigen-presenting molecule, called MHC Class I, which is not only on dendritic cells, but on ALL cells except RBCs
28
Q

What is the general mode of action that killer T cells use to kill target cells?

A
  1. If activated, a clone of the CD8+ T cells gets expanded and the daughters circulate in large numbers throughout the body
  2. When one of the daughters of a stimulated CD8+ T cell binds a cell showing its “activation” peptide, the T cell delivers a lethal hit to that cell by signaling the target cell to commit suicide through apoptosis.
  3. The target cell’s nucleus disintegrates and the cell dies.
  4. The activated killer T cells then is free to find more targets. This is a great way to eliminate infected cells.
29
Q

What are five common B cell disorders?

A
  1. X-linked agammaglobulinemia
  2. CD40 ligand deficiency
  3. Activation-Induced Cytidine Deaminase Deficiency
  4. Common variable immunodeficiency
  5. Omenn Syndrome
30
Q

What are the five common T cels disorders?

A
  1. X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency
  2. Omenn syndrome
  3. DiGeorge syndrome
  4. Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis
  5. IPEX
31
Q

What causes X-linked agammagglobulinemia?

A

An absence of B lymphocytes

32
Q

What causes CD40 ligand deficiency?

A

Failure of immunoglobulin class switching

33
Q

What causes activation-induced cytidine deaminase deficiency?

A

-Failure of immunoglobulin class switching

34
Q

What causes common variable immunodeficiency?

A

A failure to produce antibodies against particular antigens

35
Q

What causes Omenn syndrome?

A
  • VDJ recombination failure.

- Cannot produce BCRs or TCRs

36
Q

What causes X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency?

A

A failure to produce mature T lymphocytes

37
Q

What causes DiGeorge Syndrome?

A

Failure of the thymus to develop correctly

38
Q

What causes hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis?

A

Failure of CD8+ T cells and NK cells to produce and/or release lytic granules

39
Q

What causes IPEX?

A

A failure of peripheral tolerance due to defective regulatory T cells

IHO Week 2 (12 decks)

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