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Phase 1 EDF > Endocrine physiology > Flashcards

Endocrine physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the purpose of the endocrine system? (4)

A

To allow communication in a multi-cellular organism
To allow integration of whole body physiology
To allow rapid adaptive changes to occur
To allow chronic maintenance of metabolism

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2
Q

What are the 3 main types of hormones?

A

Amine (aa derived)
Peptide
Steroid (lipid/cholesterol derived)

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3
Q

What type of hormone are secreted from the adrenal medulla? Give the main 2 examples of this type

A

Amine hormones

  • Epinephrine
  • Norepinephrine
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4
Q

What type of hormone are secreted from the adrenal cortex? Give the main 3 examples of this type

A

Steroid hormones

  • Aldosterone (salt)
  • Cortisol (sugar)
  • Androgens (sex)
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5
Q

What type of effect/action does epinephrine/norepinephrine secreted from the adrenal medulla have?

A

Action similar to that of sympathetic nerves

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6
Q

What are steroids derived from?

A

Cholesterol

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7
Q

True or False: Steroid hormones can not be stored in cells

A

True, they diffuse lipid bilayers

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8
Q

Why does the removal of circulating steroid/thyroid hormones take longer than that of peptide/amine hormones?

A

Steroid hormones are water insoluble and are so transported in the blood mainly bound to plasma proteins. Binding prevents the steroids from being excreted/metabolised (cleared from circulation)

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9
Q

How is it that steroid hormones exert their effects? (What is their most common signalling method)

A

Bind to intercellular receptors that directly alter gene transcription

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10
Q

Define permissiveness

A

This is when a particular hormone must be present for another hormone to be able to exert its full effects

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11
Q

Define the term ‘tropic’ hormone

A

A hormone that stimulates the secretion of another hormone

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12
Q

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is an example of which type of endocrine disorder: hyposecretion, hypersection, hyporesponsiveness, hyperresponsiveness

A

Hyporesponsiveness: cells don’t respond to insulin

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13
Q

What is meant by a portal system?

A

Vein between two capillary beds

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14
Q

Define the term hormone

A

A signalling molecule secreted from specialised endocrine tissue

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15
Q

From which embryological layer is the adrenal cortex derived from?

A

Mesoderm

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16
Q

From which embryological layer is the adrenal medulla derived from?

A

Ectoderm

17
Q

Name the adrogens secreted from the Zona Recticularis layer of the adrenal cortex

A

Androstenedione

Dihydroxyepiandtostenedione

18
Q

What does the neurohypohysis refer to?

A

The posterior pituitary gland

19
Q

Name the portal system connecting the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary gland

A

Hypothalamo-hypophysis portal vessels

20
Q

What is the anterior pituitary gland embryologically derived from?

A

Rathke’s pouch

21
Q

State the actions of vasopression

A

Acts to increase BP
Vasoconstriction of arterioles (V1a)
Kidneys (called ADH) - water reabsorption (V2) via aquapourins

22
Q

State the actions of oxytocin

A

Uterine muscle contraction

Contraction of myoepithelial cells in lactacting breasts

23
Q

What is the name of the capillary bed located at the infundibulum that makes up the hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal circulation?

A

Median eminance

24
Q

State the actions of thyroid hormones

A 
Increase metabolic rate
Increase O2 consumption
Temp homestasis
Increase CO
Permissive effects on adrenaline and GH
25
Q

Name the enzyme used in the synthesis of thyroglobulin and the oxidation of I- to I

A

Thyroperoxidase

26
Q

Name the protein channel that allows the entry of I- into the colloid

A

Pendrin

27
Q

What does MIT/DIT stand for

A

Monoiodotyrosine

Diiodotyrosine

28
Q

State the physiological functions of cortisol

A 
Stress hormone (longer term response)
Maintains BP
Metabolic homeostasis - maintains glucose levels/
Anti-inflammatory/immune functions
Development and differentiation
29
Q

State the functions of cortisol in stress

A

Mobilised glucose stores (anti-insulin)
Increases vascular reactivity/increased CVR performance
Inhibition of growth
Inhibition of inflammation

30
Q

What are the actions of GH

A

1) Stimulate precursors to differentiate and secrete IGF-1
2) Stimulate IGF-1 release from the liver
3) Anti-insulin effects
4) Protein syn

31
Q

State the action of IGF-1

A

Stimulate cell division

32
Q

Where is parathyroid hormone release from?

A

CHIEF cells of the parathyroid homrone

33
Q

Where is calcitonin produced?

A

Parafollicular C cells of thyroid follicles

Phase 1 EDF (12 decks)

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