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Microbiology > Bacteriology > Flashcards

Bacteriology Flashcards

1
Q

E. coli virulence factor: P fimbriae

A

Cystitis and pyelonephritis

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2
Q

E. coli virulence factor: K1 capsule

A

Pneumonia, neonatal meningitis

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3
Q

E. coli virulence factor: LPS endotoxin

A

Septic shock (macrophage activation with IL-1, IL-6, TNF-a release)

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4
Q

EIEC (invasive)

A

Microbe invades intestinal mucosa and causes necrosis and inflammation.
Similar to clinical presentation to shigella
Presentation: Invasive, dysentery

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5
Q

ETEC (toxogenic)

A

Produces heat-labile and heat-stable enterotoxins.
No inflammation or invasion.
Presentation: Traveler’s diarrhea (watery)

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6
Q

EPEC (pathogenic)

A

No toxin produced. Adheres to apical surface, flattens villi, prevents absorption.
Presentation: Diarrhea, usually in children

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7
Q

EHEC (hemorrhagic)

A

Shiga toxin-producing
O157:H7 is the most common serotype in US
Presentation: hemolytic-uremic syndrome: anemia, thrombocytopenia, and acute renal failure due to microthrombi forming on damaged endothelium–>mechanical hemolysis (with schistocytes on peripheral blood smear), platelet consumption and decreased renal blood flow
Presentation: Dysentary
Does NOT ferment sorbitol (distinguishing factor)

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8
Q

E. coli virulence factor: Verotoxin (shiga-like)

A

Adhesion to uroepithelium–>UTIs

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9
Q

Two bacteria without cell walls

A

Mycoplasma and ureaplasma (no gram staining)

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10
Q

Bacteria that does not gram stain well

A 
Treponema
Intracellular org:
Mycoplasma
Legionella-use silver stain
Rickettsia
Chlamydia
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11
Q

Silver staining bugs

A

Legionella
Fungi
H. pylori

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12
Q

India ink

A

Cryptococcus neoformans (mucicarmine will stain capsule red as well)

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13
Q

Ziehl-Neelson stain

A

Acid-fast bacteria (Nocardia, mycobacteria)

Protozoa

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14
Q

Giemsa stain

A 
Chlamydia
Borrelia
Rickettsia
Trypanosomes
Plasmodium
(Gee, Certain Bugs Really TRY my Patience)
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15
Q

Chocolate agar

A

H. influenzae

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16
Q

Thayer-Martin agar

A

N. gonorrhoeae and N. meningitidis
Vanc inhibits Gram +
Trimethoprim/Colistin inhibit gram - except neisseria
Nystatin-inhibits fungi

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17
Q

Bordet-Gengou agar

A

B. pertussis

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18
Q

Tullurite agar or Loffler medium

A

C. diptheriae

Double dip “ll” “ff”

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19
Q

Lowenstein-Jensen agar

A

M. tuberculosis

Primary infection: Lowerstein lobes

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20
Q

Eaton agar

A

M. pneumoniae

I can still walk to get something to eat

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21
Q

MacConkey agar

A

Lactose-fermenting enterics

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22
Q

Esoin-methylene blue

A

E. coli

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23
Q

Sabouraud agar

A

Fungi

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24
Q

SHiNE SKiS

A

Encapsulated bacteria: antiphagocytic virulence factor.
Opsonized and cleared by spleen
Asplenics/sickle cell are susceptible to encapsulated bacteria->give S. pneumo, H. influ, and N. meningitis vaccines
Strep, H. influenza type B, Neisseria meningitidis, E. coli, Salmonella, Klebsiella pneumoniae, group B strep

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25
Q

Urease positive organisms

A 
H. pylori
Ureaplasma
Proteus
Cryptococcus
Nocardia
Klebsiella
S. epidermis
S. saprophyticus
CHuck norris, UREA-Peein (urease positive) on PUNKSS
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26
Q

People with chronic granulomatous disease have recurrent infections with?

A

catalase + organisms (Cats never listen ever past supper after sundown: Candida, Nocardia, Listeria, E. Coli, Pseudomonas, Serratia, Aspergillosis, Staph

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27
Q

IgA protease

A

S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae B, Neisseria–>helps to colonize in respiratory mucosa
SHiN: You are A SHINing star

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28
Q

Protein A

A

Bind Fc region of IgG to prevent opsonization/phagocytosis

Staph aureus

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29
Q

M protein

A

Group A strep–>molecular mimicry leads to rheumatic fever

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30
Q

Heat stability of endotoxins

A

Stable at 100C for 1 hour

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31
Q

Heat stability of exotoxins

A

Destroyed rapidly at 60C

except staphyloccal enterotoxin

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32
Q

Diphtheria toxin mechanism

A

Inactivates EF-2 (elongation factor)

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33
Q

Corynebacterium diptheriae toxin and presentation

A

Diphtheria toxin, bull neck (severe lymphadenopathy), pharyngitis with pseudomembranes in throat, myocarditis
“Sets up double dip icecream shop and shoots into the heart”

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34
Q

Pseudomonas aeruginosa toxin, mechanism, manifestation

A

Exotoxin A, inactivates EF-2, host cell death

Pseudo Corn En Fields=Pseudo and Coryne=inactivate EF

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35
Q

Exotoxin A mechanism

A

Inactivates EF-2 (elongation factor)

Same as diphtheria toxin

36
Q

Shigella spp toxin and presentation

A

Shiga toxin, GI mucosal damage->dysentery, ST also enhances cytokine release, causing hemolytic uremic syndrome

37
Q

Shiga toxin mechanism

A

Inactivate 60S ribosome by removing adenine from rRNA

38
Q

Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) toxin and presentation

A

Shiga-like toxin. SLT enhances cytokine release, causes HUS

Does NOT invade host cells like shigella

39
Q

Shiga-like toxin mechanism

A

Inactivates 60S ribosome by removing adenosine from rRNA

40
Q

Three bacteria that secrete fluid producing exotoxins

A

ETEC (heat labile-cAMP, heat stable-cGMP), Vibrio cholera, Bacillus anthracis
All increase secretions into the gut except heat stable (decreases absorption)
“Give me a BEV” (beverage is a fluid, made by exotoxins)

41
Q

Exotoxin that inhibits phagocytic activity

A

Pertussis toxin (Bordetella pertussis)

42
Q

Pertussis toxin mechanism

A

Over activates adenylate cyclase (^cAMP) by disabling Gi

Impairs phagocytosis to permist microbe survival

43
Q

Clostridium tetani/botulinum exotoxin

A

Tetanospasmin and botulinum toxin

44
Q

Tetanospasmin and botulinum toxin

A

Proteases that cleave SNARE, required from NT release via vesicular fusion
Tetani inhibits the release of GABA
Botulinum inhibits the release of ACh

45
Q

Clostridium perfringens toxin

A

Alpha toxin (gas gangrene and hemolysis-on blood agar)

46
Q

Alpha toxin mechanism

A

Clostridium perfringens: Phospholipase that degrades tissue and cell membranes

47
Q

Stretococcus pyogenes toxin

A

Streptolysin O-Lyses RBCs

48
Q

Streptolysin O mechanism

A

Protein that degrades cell membrane

49
Q

Staphylococcus aureus toxin

A

TSST-1

50
Q

Streptococcus pyogenes toxin

A

Exotoxin A

51
Q

TSST-1 and Exotoxin A mechanism

A

Binds MHC II and TCR outside of antigen binding site to cause overwhelming release of IL-1, IL-2, IFN-g, TNF-a

52
Q

Endotoxin (lipid A) activates what immune pathways?

A

Macrophages, complement, tissue factor

IL-1, TNF-a, NO) (C3a, C5a) (coagulation cascade->DIC

53
Q

ASO titer checks for?

A

Strep pyogenes infection

54
Q

What are the two toxins C. diff produces?

A

Toxin A: enterotoxin that binds to the gut
Toxin B: cytotoxin that causes cytoskeletal disruption via actin depolarization–>pseudomembranous colitis
(Often caused by clindamycin and ampicillin)

55
Q

Treatment for C. Difficile infections?

A

Oral vancomycin or metronidazole

56
Q

What bacteria synthesizes a polypeptide capsule?

A

Bacillus anthracis (contains D-glutamate)

57
Q

Reheated rice, associated with what bacteria?

A

Bacillus cereus

58
Q

Bacillus cereus toxin

A

cereulide, preformed toxin

59
Q

Obligate intracellular bacterium

A

Chlamydia, coxiella, rickettsia

60
Q

Facultative intracellular bacterium

A

Brucella, salmonella, francisella, legionella
Yersinia pestis, listeria, mycobacteria, niesseria
(Four -ella’s and -ia’s)

61
Q

Only gram positive bacteria to produce an endotoxin?

A

Listeria monocytogenes

62
Q

Bacteria associated with tumbling motility

A

Listeria monocytogenes

63
Q

Two bacteria that resemble fungi

A

Actinomyces and nocardia (both gram +)

64
Q

How do you treat actinomyces and nocardia

A

SNAP
Sulfonamides-nocardia
Actinomyces-penicillin

65
Q

Primary TB symptoms

A

Ghon complex in lower lobes

Hilar lymph nodes

66
Q

Secondary TB symptoms

A

Fibrocaseous cavitary lesion in upper lobes

67
Q

S. typhi vaccination type

A

Oral vaccine-live attenuated

IM vaccine-Vi capsular polysaccharide

68
Q

Is the infectious dose of Salmonella or Shigella lower?

A

Shigella (very small inoculum required, due to resistance to gastric acids

69
Q

BM pattern of Salmonella typhi

A

Constipation followed by diarrhea

70
Q

BM pattern Shigella and Salmonella spp (not including typhi)

A

Blood diarrhea

71
Q

Increased risk for __(3 things)__ with H. pylori

A

MALT lymphoma, gastric adenocarcinoma, peptic ulcer

72
Q

Triple treatment for H. pylori

A

PPI+Clarithromycin+amoxicilllin (or metronidazole if allergic to pens)
put a CAP on H. pylori

73
Q

Leptospira interrogans

A

Water contaminated with animal urine–>flue like symptoms, myalgias, jaundice, photophobia with red eye,
Prevalent among surfers

74
Q

Salmonella transmission

A

poultry and reptiles

75
Q

Yersinia pestis tranmission

A

fleas (on cats and dogs)

76
Q

Bartonella spp. tranmission

A

Cat scratch

77
Q

Borrelia recurrentis transmission

A

Louse (relapsing fever)

78
Q

Campylobacter transmission

A

Puppies, livestock (ingested of undercooked meat)

When you go camping at Joshua tree bring your puppy and meat to grill!

79
Q

Coxiella burnetii transmission

A

Aerosols of cattle/sheep amniotic fliud (COX)

80
Q

GET! on the Metro

A

Gardnerella/Giardia, Enteroamoeba histolytica, Trichamonas C. diff!–> treat with metronidazole

81
Q

How do you treat rickettsial disease?

A

Doxycycline

82
Q

Rocky mountain spotted fever presentation

A

Rickettsia rickettsii

HA, fever, rash (including palms and soles of feet)

83
Q

Typhus Presentation

A 
Rickettsia typhi (flea transmission)
Rash that spares soles and and palms of feet
84
Q

Two phases of Chlamydia

A

Elementary: Enfectious, Enters cell, Endocytosis
Transforms into the reticulate body
Reticulate: Replicates in the cell. Reorganizes into elementary bodies
You’ll have to go to the ER for that chlamydia

85
Q

Mycoplasma pneumoniae presentation, treatment, what treatment is not effective?

A

Causes atypical pneumonia, X-ray looks worse than patient, cold agglutinins
Rx macrolides, doxy, fluoroquinolone
Penicillin ineffective: NO cell wall!

86
Q

Bacterial transformation definition

What bacteria are capable of transformation?

A

SHiN can take up DNA from enivronment

Adding DNase to environment will degrade naked DNA in medium–>no transformation will be seen

Microbiology (5 decks)

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