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Molecules Of Life > unit 8-natural selection > Flashcards

unit 8-natural selection Flashcards

1
Q

evolution

A

a change in gene frequency over time

change of organisms over time

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2
Q

adaptation

A

trait shaped by natural selection that increases an organism’s reproductive success in a particular environment

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3
Q

descent with modification

A

identified hat species on earth today descended from ancestral species

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4
Q

natural selection

A

“survival of the fittest”
process where individuals that are best fit for their environment survive to reproduce
(the change in groups of organisms through time)

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5
Q

how old is the universe

A

15 billion years old

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6
Q

how old is the earth

A

4.5 billion years old

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7
Q

how long has there been life on earth

A

3.5 billion years

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8
Q

how long has there been humans

A

150,000 years

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9
Q

4 basics of natural selection

A
  • individuals show a variety of genes
  • variations pass from parent to offspring
  • more offspring are produced than the environment can support
  • variations that increase reproductive success will be more likely to be passed on
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10
Q

darwin’s

A

collected specimens and observed finches to develop two main points- descent with modification & natural selection

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11
Q

evidence for evolution

A
  • the fossil record
  • comparative anatomy
  • comparative embryology
  • comparative biochemistry
  • geographic distribution
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12
Q

fossil record

A

chronological collection of life’s remains in the rock layer (old on bottom, new on top)

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13
Q

fossils

A

preserved remains of marking left by organisms that lived in the past
(found in sedimentary rock)

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14
Q

derived traits (newer)

A

newly evolved features (feathers)

they dont appear in the fossils of common ancestors

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15
Q

ancestral traits (older)

A 
primitive reatures (teeth/ tails) 
appear in older fossils
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16
Q

comparative anatomy

A

relationship between the structure of ancient species and modern species

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17
Q

three parts of comparative anatomy

A
  • homologous structures
  • analogous structures
  • vestigial structures
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18
Q

homologous structures

A

similar structures inherited by a common ancestor

Ex. arms/ wings

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19
Q

analogous structures

A

structures used for the same purpose and have similar features but aren’t inherited from the same ancestor
(Ex. wings- needed to fly but evolved separately)

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20
Q

vestigial structures

A

structures that are reduced forms of functional structures in organisms
(things that don’t really work anymore)
(Ex. human appendix)

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21
Q

comparative embryology

A

pre birth stage of an organisms development
(same during certain phases of development but become different structures in adults.
(Ex. humans and rabbits look alike as an embryo)

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22
Q

comparative biochemistry

A

the macromolecules organisms are made out of DNA, proteins, fats, carbs
the more DNA two organisms have in common, the more similar they are
(Ex. humans have 98% DNA common with chimps and 68% with moths which make us more similar to chimps)

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23
Q

geographic distribution

A

similar species of organisms that are geographically closer share more common characteristics
(patterns of migration explained the relationships)

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24
Q

biological fitness

A

measure of the relative contribution an individual trait makes to the next generation
(measurement of how many can reproduce)

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25
Q

population

A

a group of individuals of the same species living in the same area at the same time

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26
Q

what did Darwin realize in the Galapagos

A
  • all species tend to produce excessively

- resources are limited.

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27
Q

variation

A

the differences among members of the same species

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28
Q

artificial selection

A

the selective breeding of domesticated plants and animals to produce offspring with genetic traits that human value
(Ex.dogs)

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29
Q

gene pool

A

all of the alleles in all the individuals that make up a polulation

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30
Q

microevolution

A

evolution on the smallest scale

generation change in the frequencies of alleles within a population

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31
Q

Hardy Weinberg principle

A

connection will not occur in a population unless allelic frequencies are acted upon by forces that cause change
equilibrium- p2+2pq+q2=1

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32
Q

5 conditions of the Hardy Weinberg principle

A

-population has to be large
-no immigration & emigration
-mating is random
-mutations do not occur
-natural selection does not occur
(to be at equilibrium, all conditions must be maintained)

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33
Q

genetic drift

A

any change in the allele frequencies in a population that is due to chance

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34
Q

types of genetic drift

A

founders effect & bottleneck

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35
Q

founders effect

A

small amount of organisms from a population become isolated from other populations. those traits are passed along which can lead to a change in frequency

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36
Q

bottleneck

A

when a population declines to a very low number

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37
Q

other causes of change in gene pools

A
  • gene flow (an exchange of genes between populations)

- mutation

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38
Q

4 patterns of natural selection

A
  • stabilizing
  • directional
  • disruptive
  • sexual
39
Q

stabilizing selection

A

eliminates extremes- assuming the “average” organism (produces more offspring)

40
Q

directional selection

A

allele frequencies shift in one direction

41
Q

disruptive selection

A

population is split into 2 groups

individuals of 2 extremes survive

42
Q

sexual selection

A

the more attractive to the opposite sex, the more likely one is to reproduce and pass on those genes

43
Q

antibiotic

A

medicine that kills or slows the growth of bacteria

44
Q

species

A

a group of organisms capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring

45
Q

speciation

A

the creation of new species

46
Q

types of speciation

A

allopatric & sympatric

47
Q

allopatric speciation

A

a physical barrier dividing two or more populations (geographic isolation)

48
Q

sympatric speciation

A

a species evolves into a new species without a physical barrier (more in plants) (reproductive isolation)

49
Q

reproductive isolation

A

prevents gene flow among populations

50
Q

types of reproductive isolation

A

prezygotic & postzygotic isolation

51
Q

prezygotic isolation

A

(before fertilization) prevents reproduction by making fertilization unlikely

52
Q

postzygotic isolation

A

(after fertilization)

prevents reproduction because “hybrid” species is infertile

53
Q

when would speciation occur

A

a population must diverge and then become reproductively isolated in order for a new species to form

54
Q

patterns of evolution

A
  • adaptive radiation
  • coevolution
  • convergent
55
Q

adaptive radiation

A

(divergent evolution) diversification of a species into a number of different species in a relatively short period of time
(follows mass extinction)

56
Q

coevolution

A

(mutualism)

species evolve in close relationship with each other

57
Q

convergent

A

unrelated species evolve with similar traits

environments are far apart but ecology and climate are similar

58
Q

gradualism

A

theory that evolution occurs in small, gradual steps over time

59
Q

punctuated quilibrium

A

theory that evolution occers with relatively sudden periods of speciation followed by long periods of stability

60
Q

early atmosphere

A

gases came from volcanoes
(H2O, CO2, SO2, CO, H2S, HCN,etc)
little oxygen available

61
Q

fossils

A

preserved evidence of an organism

found in sedimentary rock

62
Q

categories of fossils

A
  • trace (indirect- feetprint)
  • molds/ casts (impression)
  • replacement (crystals)
  • petrified (pore spaces filled)
  • amber (tree sap)
  • original material (mummification or freezing)
63
Q

dating fossils

A

relative & radiometric

64
Q

relative dating

A

used to determine the age of a rock by comparing them with those in other layer

65
Q

radiometric dating

A

uses the decay of radioactive isotopes to measure the age of a rock

66
Q

half life

A

the amount of time it takes for half of the original isotope to decay

67
Q

geological time scale

A

model that expresses the major geological and biological events int he earths history
(eons, eras, periods, epoch)

68
Q

eons

A

precambrian eon

90% of the earths history

69
Q

paleozoic era

A

first vertebrates appear

(major diversification of most majoy animal groups

70
Q

mesozoic era

A

first mammals appear

-dinosaurs and birds appear

71
Q

cenozoic era

A

monkeys, apes, and modern humans appear

72
Q

continental drift

A

movement of continents about earths surface.

73
Q

the first cells

A

probably prokaryotes (bacteria)

74
Q

endosymbiont theory

A

small aerobic prokatyotes were ingested by larger ones. created a mutualistic relationship

75
Q

mass extinction

A

episode of great species loss

76
Q

taxonomy

A

identification, naming, and classification of species

77
Q

binomial nomenclature

A

each species has a “first & last” name

created by carolus linnaeus

78
Q

classification for taxonomy

A

Life, Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
(king phillip chocked on four gob stoppers)

79
Q

scientific name

A

genus & species

80
Q

convergent evolution

A

a process in which unrelated species from similar environments have adaptations that seem very similar

81
Q

phylogenetic tree

A

a branching diagram that represents the proposed phylogeny of evolutionary history of a species or group

82
Q

cladogram

A

a phylogenetic diagram that specifies the derived characters of clades

83
Q

domain

A

bacteria, archaea, eukarya

84
Q

kingdoms

A

eubacteria, archaebacteria, protists, fungi, plantae, & animalia

85
Q

domain bacteria

A

eubacteria

prokaryotes

86
Q

domain archea

A

archaeabacteria

autotrophs & hetertrophs

87
Q

domain eukarya

A

protista, fungi, plantae, animalia

(eukaryotic cells

88
Q

kingdom protista

A
  • eukaryotic organisms
  • do not have organs
    (ex. algae)
89
Q

kingdom fingi

A

-absorbs nutrients from environent

90
Q

hyphae

A

threadlike filaments that make up a fungus

91
Q

kingdom plantae

A
  • all multi cellular
  • have cell walls
  • plants
92
Q

kingdom animalia

A
  • heterotrophic
  • multi celled
  • eukaryotes
93
Q

viruses

A

nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat

Molecules Of Life (7 decks)

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