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Immunology - exam 3 > Vaccines > Flashcards

Vaccines Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of Vaccines

A
  • Pep the immune system for war by providing best “as close to real life” training
  • Stimulates adaptive immune system into creating MEMORY
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2
Q

Cell types involved in Immuno Memory

A
  • Memory B cells
  • Memory Helper T cells
  • Memory Killer T cells

Note that Memory B and Memory Helper T can be produced even when no immune cells have been infected by attacker

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3
Q

Mechanism of vaccination

A
  • Majority of vaccines are developed without understanding the immunological mechanism for inducing immunity
  • Vaccines are believe to confer protection through neutralizing antibodies
  • But precise mechanism is still in research
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4
Q

requirements for immunity to occur

A

B and T cells against the pathogen must be developed

• not all diseases will cause immune system to develop resistance against reinfection

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5
Q

Passive immunity

A

when pre-formed antibodies are transferred to the patient. Will give temporary immunity.

• i.e. Mother to fetus

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6
Q

why some diseases will not lead to immunity

A
  • pathogen can mutate and existence multiple serotypes
  • pathogens that cause persistent or latent infection are challenging for immune system
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7
Q

classifications of vaccines

A
  • group 1 = live attenuated vaccines
  • group 2 = subunit vaccines, toxoid vaccines, aldehyde vaccines, conjugate vaccines
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8
Q

live attenuated vaccines

A

Weakened version of pathogen which mimics the kind of protective immunity found in people that have survived the live infection. Generally are successful in creating long-term immunity

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9
Q

Types of vaccines

A

non-infectious, attenuated, and carrier

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10
Q

non-infectious vaccines

A

will cause the body to make Memory B and Helper T cells, but do NOT cause production of memory Killer cells

  • design not to infect the host
  • includes: killed vaccines (formaldehyde), bacterial toxins (aluminum), parts of pathogens
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11
Q

examples of live attenuated viruses include

A

mumps, measles, and rubella

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12
Q

Carrier vaccine

A
  1. introduce a single gene from a pathogenic microbe into a virus that doesn’t cause disease
  2. carrier then affects the host’s APC
  3. APC produces a pathogenic microbe protein and presents it on MHC I
  4. results in a “Trojan horse” like effect by creating Memory B, Memory Helper T, and Memory Killer T cells
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13
Q

HIB

A

Haemophilus Influenza type B: prevents bacterial meningitis and pneumonia

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14
Q

PcV

A

Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine: prevents streptococcal pneumonia

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15
Q

DTaP

A

Diptheria Tetanus and Pertussis: combined vaccine

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16
Q

RV

A

Rotovirus

17
Q

IPV

A

Inactivated Poliovirus

18
Q

MCV4

A

Meningococcal Vaccine: against Neisseria meningitides

19
Q

Adjuvant means

A

“helper”

20
Q

Immunological adjuvant

A

helps stimulate the immune system, but will not have any antigenic effect by itself. Merely enhances the quality of immune response by CAUSING MILD INFLAMMATION

21
Q

Th1

A

Helpers cells that respond to VIRAL or BACTERIA attacks. Responds by classical cytokines (TNF, IFN-γ, IL-2) with the goal of activating macrophages and natural killer cells.

22
Q

Th2

A

helper cells that respond to PARASITIC attack or bacterial food CONTAMINATION. Response by informing that intestines are under attack (IL-4, IL-5, IL-13) with the goal of proliferating T cells.

23
Q

Thimerosal

A

mercury containing preservative used in some vaccines. No evidence it causes harm, but does cause minor reactions (swelling and redness). But American Academy of pediatrics said it should be reduced or eliminated from vaccines as a precautionary measure

24
Q

Aluminum

A

aluminum salts can be emulsified with the antigen thereby creating a gel like substance that induces Th2 response. Uses IL-16 for microglia activation and Induces chemokines in macrophages, monocytes and granulocytes

25
Q

is aluminum a toxin?

A

Exposure to aluminum occurs via numerous routes (food, water, pharmaceuticals, vaccines). It accumulates in mitochondria and nucleus, but there is no physiological need for it. Only 0.3% of orally administered aluminum is absorbed in the G.I. tract. Only toxic when aluminum bypasses GI barrier (Ie intravenous infusion).

26
Q

Antacids

A

some contain aluminum

27
Q

bioavailability of aluminum from food

A

only 0.1%

28
Q

aluminum and autism

A

countries with the most autism have highest exposure to aluminum from vaccines. Aluminum correlates with increased autism prevalence in the United States

29
Q

“common” individual vaccines include

A

“PP R HIV”

  • pneumococcal disease (Pc Vaccine), pertussis (DTaP Vaccine),
  • rotavirus
  • human papilloma virus (HPV), influenza, Varicella
30
Q

“infectious” individual vaccines include

A

“MMR V”

  • mumps, measles, rubella
  • Varicella
31
Q

microglia

A
  • macrophage of the CNS
  • 20% of brain glial cells
  • constantly sampling surrounding environment to assure homeostasis
  • can be activated in response to stimuli
  • regulates release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and excitatory amino acids (glutamate)
32
Q

astrocytes

A

most abundant cell in human brain that function to:

  • structural and nutritional support
  • regulates environment, blood flow
  • assist in synaptic transmission, myelination, and repair
  • long-term potentiation (memory)
33
Q

aluminum effects on glial cells

A

microglia and astrocytes are sites of potential aluminum accumulation. Thus increase aluminum can increase both pro-inflammatory cytokines and glutamate (excitatory molecule) in the brain

34
Q

Macrophage

A

garbage collector what rest, APC and killer when activated. Ruthless killer when hyperactivated

35
Q

Microglia stages

A

Resting = sampling the surrounding microenvironment

Primed = no increase release of cytokines, interferons or excitotoxins

Hyperactive = released pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines and exitotoxins

36
Q

Herd Immunity

A

protection provided to ALL individuals in a pop due to the inability of a pathogen to effectively spread when larger proportion of individuals are resistant

  • reduces probability of transmission
  • even unvaccinated members will be protected b/c their p[infection] = low
  • effect only observed when vaccination is frequent in pop
  • minimum 75%, but typically 85%

Immunology - exam 3 (5 decks)

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