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Biology > Inheritance 1 and 2 > Flashcards

Inheritance 1 and 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What does each duplicated chromosome consist of

A

Two identical chromosomes which are called Sister chromatids

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2
Q

What are sister chromatids are held together by

A

Centromere

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3
Q

How many chromosomes does a human cell contain

A

46, which form 23 pairs

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4
Q

What is a male sex chromosome

A

One x and one y

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5
Q

What is a female sex chromosome

A

2 x

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6
Q

Of the 46 chromosomes, how many are inherited from your parents

A

One of each pair (23) from your mum and the other 23 from your dad

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7
Q

What is DNA

A

A large molecule that contains genetic information

It is made up of a double helix structure made of two strands

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8
Q

What is the backbone of DNA made of

A

Alternating sugar (deoxyribose) and phosphate

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9
Q

What does the middle of DNA consist of

A 
Bases-there are four
Adrenaline (A)
Thymine (t)
Guanine (g)
Cytosine (c)
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10
Q

What is a nucleotide

A

A unit of phosphate, sugar and a base

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11
Q

How did the bases always pair?

A

A always pairs with T

C always pairs with G

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12
Q

What is a gene

A

A small section of DNA/a chromosome that contains information for making protein

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13
Q

Each three bases contains the code for what

A

An amino acid

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14
Q

How many genes does eat chromosomes contain

A

Thousands

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15
Q

What are the proteins responsible for

A

Certain characteristics such as eyecolour

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16
Q

What is the first step of a cell dividing

A
  • DNA double helix gets unwound

- And the two strands separate

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17
Q

What happens after the double helix has unwound when the cell is dividing

A

New DNA strands are made up by connecting free nucleotides together using the old strand as a template
The newly formed DNA double stands rewind into a double helix

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18
Q

What is the result of DNA replication

A

Newly Formed DNA molecules contain:
-one strand of the original DNA
-One new strand
This is called semiconservative replication

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19
Q

What is mitosis

A

The process of cell division

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20
Q

What is the order of mitosis

A
  • Interphase
  • Prophase
  • Prometaphase
  • Metaphase
  • Anaphase
  • Telophase
  • Cytokinesis
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21
Q

What happens during interphase

A
  • DNA is copied i.e. chromosomes are duplicated

- Chromosomes are not visible

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22
Q

What happens during prophase

A
  • Chromosomes condense and become visible

- It’s chromosome consists of 2 chromatids

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23
Q

What happens during prometaphase

A
  • The nuclear membrane disappears

- Spindle fibres are formed

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24
Q

What happens during metaphase

A

Spindle fibres align the chromosomes in the middle of the cell

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25
Q

What happens during anaphase

A

-Spindle fibres pull the chromatids apart to opposite ends of the cell

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26
Q

What happens during telophase

A

-A new nuclear membrane forms around each of the two sets of chromosomes

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27
Q

What happens during cytokinesis

A

-The cell starts to divide into two cells

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28
Q

What is the result of mitosis

A
  • Two new daughter cells are forms

- They’re genetically identical to each other and to the parent cells (clones)

29
Q

What are runners

A

Overground aerial stems which grow roots and development into new plants eg strawberries and spider plants

30
Q

What are rhizomes

A

Underground stem is which grow through the soil, and will periodically produce new roots and new aboveground shoots eg grass

31
Q

What are tubers

A

underground swollen stems from which new plants may grow eg. Potatoes

32
Q

What are bulbs

A

Short stems with fleshy leaves e.g. onions/daffodils

33
Q

Explain cuttings

A
  • Remove a small part (stem or leaf) of the parent cell (= cutting)
  • Plant cutting into soil, it will then grow into new plant
34
Q

Explain micropropagation

A
  • Take a few cells/or very small part of the plant (explants)
  • Put them into culture medium (with nutrients and growth hormones)
  • grow into a callous and from that the new plant to grow
35
Q

How does micropropagation work

A

Plants contain many meristems cells which continuously divide by mitosis
Meristem cells are toti-potent and can differentiate into all kinds of plants tissues

36
Q

Why clone plants

A
  • To produce genetically identical copies of a plant does with desirable characteristics
  • to quickly produce many mature plants
  • To produce plants in the absence of pollinators
  • To conserve rare or endangered plants
  • To make copies of plants that have been genetically modified
37
Q

What is the clone

A

Genetically identical copy of an organism or plant

38
Q

What is a somatic cell

A

A cumulus cell. Cumulous cells are found in a layer of cells that surround and nourish egg cells

39
Q

What happens during somatic cell nuclear transfer

A

First we have to remove the nucleus from the egg cell. We then remove the nucleus from the somatic cell and insert it to the egg cell . They then have to be left for a couple of hours while they are adjust to each other

40
Q

What is a chromosome

A

A thread like structure made of DNA, found in the nucleus

41
Q

What is a stem cell

A

A cell that can:

  • Replicate themselves
  • And differentiate into other cell types
42
Q

What is a totipotent cell

A

A cell that can develop into any cells type
Zygote-Morula
Day1-day 5

43
Q

What is a pluripotent cell

A

A cell that can develop into most cells types
-Blastula (one week)
Can develop into everything but placental cells and umbilical cord

44
Q

What is a multipotent cell

A

A cell that can develop into some cell types

Fetus, baby, adult

45
Q

What is a uni potent cell

A

Can develop into one cell type

46
Q

What are the positives of using pluripotent stem cells / embryonic stem cells

A
  • Can be isolated from early embryo and grown in a dish
  • Promising source of cells for treating many diseases
  • can become most cells
47
Q

What are the negatives of using pluripotent stem cells/embryonic stem cells

A
  • Body will recognise the cells as foreign and attack them so drugs for suppressing the immune system are needed
  • there are ethical issues, destroys embryo…
  • these don’t have the same genes as the person treated with them so might be rejected by patient
48
Q

What are the positives of using multipotent stem cells

A
  • Important for growth, healing and replacing cells that are lost through daily wear and tear
  • used as a treatment for blood related diseases
  • Therapy involving somatic stem cells is not controversial
  • It can be isolated without causing harm to patients
  • use of patience own cell as possible- no rejection
49
Q

What are the negatives of multipotent stem cell uses

A
  • Difficult to isolate and grow in culture
  • Isolation of some types could cause considerable tissue or organ damage, as in the heart or brain
  • immune system recognise transplanted cells as foreign and attacks them so drugs need to suppressed immune system
50
Q

What is the purpose of meiosis

A

To make gametes - only occurs in ovaries and testes

51
Q

How many cells are produced in meiosis

A

For

52
Q

What happens to the chromosome number in meiosis

A

Halved (46-23)

53
Q

In meiosis a parent daughter cells genetically identical

A

No

54
Q

What is variation

A

Small differences between members of the same species.
There is genetic variation and environmental variation.
One is genes inherited by parents, the other is the influence of environment

55
Q

What is genetic variation

A

Differences caused by genes inherited from parents

56
Q

What is environmental variation

A

Differences caused by the environment

57
Q

What does it homologous chromosome have the same of

A

Type of genes. E.g. eyecolour, earlobe shape…

58
Q

What is an allele

A

A version of a gene

59
Q

What is a dominant allele

A

Only one copy is necessary for characteristics to be shown

60
Q

What is a recessive allele

A

Two recessive allele is a needed (no dominant allele present) for characteristics to be shown

61
Q

What is a genotype

A

The genetic make up i.e. which alleles are present

62
Q

What is a homozygous

A

Having two identical alleles

63
Q

What is a heterozygous

A

Having two different alleles

64
Q

What is a phenotype

A

The characteristics that is shown

65
Q

What is a codominant

A

Both alleles contribute to the phenotype, so both characteristics are present at the same time

66
Q

What is a pedigree tree

A

A family tree that records and traces the occurrence of a characteristic in the family

67
Q

What is a mutation

A

Change in the order of bases in the DNA

68
Q

What is a mutagen

A

An agent that causes mutation

69
Q

What is a genetic disease

A

Condition or illness caused by mutations in genes or chromosomes

Biology (11 decks)

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