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HES235-Test 4 > Lecture 10: Digestive System > Flashcards

Lecture 10: Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

Alimentary Canal

A

Whole digestive tract from mouth to anus

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2
Q

What does the alimentary canal contain? (7)

A 
Oral Cavity
Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
Small Intestine
Large Intestine
Rectum
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3
Q

What are the accessory organs of the alimentary canal? (4)

A

Liver
Gallbladder
Pancreas
Saliva Glands

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4
Q

Digestive Functions (6)

A 
Ingestion
Mechanical Processing
Digestion
Secretion
Absorption
Excretion
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5
Q

Peritoneum

A

Surrounds abdominal organs

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6
Q

Mesenteries

A

Sheets of peritoneum surrounding digestive organs and suspending them

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7
Q

What does the peritoneum do?

A

Connects organs to the posterior body wall

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8
Q

Lesser Omentum

A

Mesentery

Connects stomach to liver

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9
Q

Falciform Ligament

A

Mesentery

Stabilizes liver by connecting it to diaphragm

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10
Q

Greater Omentum

A

Mesentery
Connects stomach to transverse colon
Fat storage

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11
Q

What do mesenteries do?

A

Provide route for blood vessels/lymphatics

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12
Q

How do mesenteries protect organs?

A

Extend out from body wall, surround organ, wrap around it, and connect it back to the body wall

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13
Q

4 Types of Tissue Layers in Digestive Tract

A

Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis externa
Serosa

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14
Q

What is the innermost tissue layer of the digestive tract?

A

Mucosa

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15
Q

What types of cells is the mucosa layer of the digestive tract made of?

A

Stratified squamous or simple columnar epithelium

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16
Q

Mucosa layer of digestive tract consists of…

A

Underlying connective tissue
Some smooth muscle
Folding in some areas
Contact with the food

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17
Q

What are the folds of the mucosa layer of digestive tract called?

A

Plicae circularis

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18
Q

Submucosa Layer of Digestive Tract

A

Connective tissue

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19
Q

What does the submucosa layer of the digestive tract contain?

A

Blood vessels
Nerves
Lymphatics

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20
Q

Muscularis Externa Layer of Digestive Tract

A

Contains 2 layers of smooth muscle

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21
Q

What are the 2 layers of smooth muscle in the muscularis externa layer of digestive tract?

A

Inner circular layer

Outer longitudinal layer

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22
Q

Inner circular smooth muscle layer of the muscularis externa in digestive tract

A

Circular around digestive tract

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23
Q

Outer longitudinal smooth muscle layer of the muscularis externa in digestive tract

A

Runs the length of digestive tract

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24
Q

What is a function of the muscularis externa layer of the digestive tract?

A

Helps mix the contents of the stomach using peristalsis

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25
Q

Serosa Layer of Digestive Tract

A

Outermost layer that is continuous with peritoneum

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26
Q

Peristalsis

A

Coordinated smooth muscle contractions move a bolus of food and/or waste along through the alimentary canal

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27
Q

What is peristalsis stimulated by?

A

Neurons

Hormones

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28
Q

How is food bolus stopped from going backward in the alimentary canal?

A

Contraction of the inner circular layer of smooth muscle ‘closes the door’ and constricts the passageway

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29
Q

What makes food bolus move through intestines?

A

Longitudinal muscle contracts to pull it forward

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30
Q

First Steps of Digestion Uses… (4)

A

Teeth
Tongue
Cheeks
Salivary Glands

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31
Q

Types of Salivary Glands

A

Parotid
Submandibular
Sublingual

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32
Q

Mastication

A

Chewing that mixes saliva and enzymes while breaking food down physically

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33
Q

What muscles are used for mastication?

A

Masseter
Temporalis
Medial/Lateral Pterygoid

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34
Q

How much saliva is produced a day?

A

1-1.5 L

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35
Q

What percentage of saliva is water?

A

99.4%

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36
Q

.6% of Saliva Contains… (6)

A 
Electrolytes
Buffers
Glycoproteins
Antibodies
Enzymes
Waste Products
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37
Q

What do buffers in the saliva do?

A

Regular pH

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38
Q

Salivary Amylase

A

Breakdown of complex carbs into simple carbs like starch/glucose

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39
Q

Lingual Lipase

A

Breakdown of fats (lipids)

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40
Q

Waste Products in Saliva

A

Urea

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41
Q

Deglutition

A

Swallowing

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42
Q

3 Phases of Swallowing

A

Oral Phase
Pharyngeal Phase
Esophageal Phase

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43
Q

Oral Phase of Swallowing

A

Under conscious control

Bolus enters pharynx

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44
Q

Pharyngeal Phase of Swallowing

A

Involuntary
Larynx elevates
Epiglottis folds
Bolus moves into esophagus

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45
Q

Esophageal Phase of Swallowing

A

Peristaltic contractions move bolus into stomach

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46
Q

Parts of Stomach (9)

A 
Greater Curvature
Lesser Curvature
Cardia
Fundus
Body
Pylorus
Cardiac Sphincter
Pyloric Sphincter
Gastric Rugae
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47
Q

What are the tissue layers of the stomach?

A

Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis Externa
Serosa

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48
Q

What does muscularis externa layer contain in the stomach?

A

Extra layer of smooth muscle in addition to circular and longitudinal layer

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49
Q

Oblique Layer of Muscularis Externa in Stomach

A

Cross other layers diagonally to allow for better mixing of stomach contents

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50
Q

What does the inner wall of the stomach contain?

A

Gastric pits/glands

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51
Q

What do the cells in gastric pits produce?

A

HCl

Pepsinogen

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52
Q

Parietal Cells in Gastric Pits Produce…

A

HCl

Intrinsic Factor

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53
Q

What does stomach HCl do?

A

Breakdown food by denaturing proteins

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54
Q

What does intrinsic factor do?

A

Allow for B12 absorption in jejunum

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55
Q

What do chief cells in gastric pits do?

A

Turn pepsinogen into pepsin

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56
Q

Pepsin

A

Proteolytic enzyme that destroys proteins to create smaller amino acids

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57
Q

Gastric Juice

A

HCl + Pepsinogen + Intrinsic Factor

Mixed with food before stomach empties it into duodenum

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58
Q

How is HCl made?

A

A carbonic acid is traded for chloride

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59
Q

Chyme

A

Gastric Juice + Food Bolus

Enters duodenum

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60
Q

What happens in stomach during digestion of food?

A

Muscular layers mix food with gastric juice to make chyme
Pepsin breaks proteins into peptides and polypeptides
pH drops to 1.5-2

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61
Q

Alkaline Mucus

A

Prevents stomach from digesting itself

Protects stomach from HCl damage

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62
Q

Duodenum

A

Digestion continues here

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63
Q

How long is the duodenum?

A

10 inches

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64
Q

What happens in the duodenum?

A

Receives chyme from stomach, mixes it with pancreatic secretions, liver secretions, and gallbladder secretions

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65
Q

Jejunum

A

Has high surface area

Where most nutrients are absorbed

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66
Q

How long is the jejunum?

A

8.2 feet

67
Q

Ileum

A

Absorbs B12

68
Q

How long is the Ileum

A

11.5 feet

69
Q

How are nutrients absorbed in small intestine?

A

They diffuse through the membrane through the basal surface into vessels

70
Q

Where are amino acids absorbed into?

A

Blood vessels

71
Q

Where are lipids absorbed into?

A

Lacteal

72
Q

Where are hormones secreted from in small intestine?

A

Duodenum

73
Q

Gastrin

A

Increases HCl production to break down proteins that were produced by G cells in stomach
Tells glands to produce their stuff

74
Q

Secretin

A

Raise pH in duodenum

75
Q

How does secretin raise pH?

A

The alkaline secretions from pancreas and bile secretions from liver decrease acidity

76
Q

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

A

Pancreatic enzymes that mix with chyme to breakdown food

77
Q

Gastric Inhibitory Peptide

A

Insulin released from pancreas that slows gastric secretion and motility

78
Q

Insulin

A

Lowers blood sugar

79
Q

What does gastric inhibitory peptide prevent?

A

Stomach from emptying too quickly

80
Q

What is the function of the pancreas?

A

Produces digestive enzymes and alkaline buffers

81
Q

Pancreatic Amylase

A

Breakdown of carbs

82
Q

Pancreatic Lipase

A

Breakdown of lipids

83
Q

Pancreatic Proteases

A

Breakdown of amino acids and proteins

84
Q

Three Types of Pancreatic Proteases

A

Trypsin
Chymotrypsin
Carboxypeptidase

85
Q

Pancreatic Duct

A

Collects digestive enzymes and buffer solutions and secretes them into duodenum

86
Q

Duodenal Ampulla

A

Secretes bile and pancreatic enzymes

87
Q

What does the gallbladder do?

A

Stores and concentrates bile from the liver

88
Q

When does the gallbladder release bile?

A

In response to CCK

89
Q

What is bile consisted of?

A 
Water
Ions
Bilirubin from Hb 
Cholesterol 
Bile Salts (lipids)
90
Q

What does bile do?

A

Emulsifies lipids

91
Q

Emulsify

A

Make smaller and easier to digest and increase surface area

92
Q

Route of bile from liver to gallbladder

A
  1. Down common hepatic duct from liver
  2. Heading to duodenal ampulla
  3. Smooth muscle door is closed
  4. Bile backs up into the gallbladder
93
Q

Hepatocytes

A

Liver cells

94
Q

How is bile collected?

A

Hepatocytes collect bile from bile canaliculi

95
Q

How are the left and right hepatic ducts formed?

A

Converging of bile canaliculi

96
Q

What forms the common hepatic duct?

A

Uniting of left and right haptic ducts

97
Q

Where does common hepatic duct bring bile?

A

Bile duct to duodenum or cystic duct to gallbladder

98
Q

When is digestion completed by?

A

By the time it reaches the jejunum

99
Q

How are carbohydrates absorbed by small intestine?

A

They are broken down into trisaccharides and disaccharides by amylases in saliva and from pancreas

100
Q

What breaks trisaccharides and disaccharides into monosaccharides in the jejunum?

A

Enzymes found on microvilli of intestinal wall

101
Q

Brush Border Enzymes

A

Microvilli

102
Q

Where do the monosaccharides go first when being absorbed?

A

Into epithelial cells via facilitated diffusion or cotransport

103
Q

After monosaccharides enter the epithelial cells, then what happens?

A

They are moved out of the epithelial cells into capillaries via facilitated diffusion

104
Q

Summary of the Process of Carbohydrate Absorption

A

Bolus to Intestines to Cell Wall to Capillaries

105
Q

How are proteins broken down?

A

By mastication and HCl exposure

106
Q

How does HCl break down proteins?

A

It disrupts the structure of it

107
Q

What do pepsin and pancreatic proteases do in the process of protein absorption?

A

They act on peptide bonds between amino acids and produce dipeptides

108
Q

True or False: Different proteases act on different peptides bonds

A

True

109
Q

Process of Amino Acid Absorption

A

Amino acids are absorbed into epithelial cells via facilitated diffusion and cotransport and then from there they are moved into capillaries

110
Q

Where does lipid digestion start?

A

In the mouth and stomach with lingual lipase

111
Q

What percent of fat digestion occurs in mouth and stomach?

A

20%

112
Q

What helps breakdown lipids?

A

It is emulsified by bile and broken down by pancreatic lipase

113
Q

What prevents lipids from sticking back together after they are broken apart?

A

They are still covered with bile

114
Q

What are fat soluble vitamins?

A

A
D
E
K

115
Q

How do fat soluble vitamins enter the body?

A

With lipids

116
Q

How are water soluble vitamins and minerals absorbed?

A

By intestinal mucosa via active transport or carrier-mediated diffusion

117
Q

Where is bile produced?

A

The liver

118
Q

Kuppfer Cells

A

Fixed macrophages found only in the liver

119
Q

What do Kuppfer Cells do?

A

Eat antigens, pathogens before they reach the central vein

120
Q

What kind of plasma proteins does the liver produce?

A

Albumins
Clotting proteins
Complement proteins

121
Q

What does the liver regulate?

A

Blood lipid levels

Blood glucose levels

122
Q

What determines the amount of cholesterol the liver produces?

A

Genetics
Amount of exercise
Diet

123
Q

What does glucagon from the pancreas tell the liver?

A

To breakdown glycogen to raise blood glucose levels

124
Q

What kind of vitamins and minerals are stored in the liver?

A

Heavy metals

Some pesticides

125
Q

How is the liver made up?

A

Separated into lobules that are surrounded by branches of the portal vein, hepatic artery, and bile ducts

126
Q

Bile Duct

A

Collects bile

127
Q

Sinusoids

A

Capillaries big enough to let plasma proteins in and have a gapped basement membrane

128
Q

Blood Flow Route In Liver

A

Through sinusoids
Past hepatocytes
To Central Vein

129
Q

Where are hepatocytes found?

A

In lobule

130
Q

What do hepatocytes do to blood as it passes through?

A

Absorb solutes and nutrients and then secrete plasma proteins

131
Q

What is a portal system?

A

2 capillary beds

132
Q

Hepatic Portal Vein

A

Formed by all capillaries from digestive organs converged

133
Q

Heptic Vein

A

From liver to circulation

134
Q

IVC

A

Receives blood

135
Q

Where are the capillary beds of hepatic portal system located?

A

First is in the intestines

Second is in the liver

136
Q

What does the large intestine consist of? (8)

A 
Ileocecal valve
Cecum
Vermiform appendix
Ascending Colon
Transverse Colon
Descending Colon
Sigmoid Colon
Rectum
137
Q

Vermiform Appendix

A

Storage for healthy bacteria

138
Q

What is the vermiform appendix made of?

A

Lymphoid Tissue

139
Q

Central Veins

A

Middle of each liver lobule that all converge to form the hepatic vein

140
Q

What does the Ileum absorb?

A

Water and vitamin B12

141
Q

What does the large intestine absorb?

A 
Water
Bile Salts
Vitamin K
Biotin
B5
142
Q

What produces vitamin k, biotin, and b5?

A

Intestinal flora

143
Q

What does the large intestine store?

A

Fecal Material

144
Q

What is fecal material?

A

Indigestible materials
Water
Bacteria

145
Q

What pushes fecal material through intestines?

A

Strong peristaltic contractions

146
Q

What causes local peristaltic contractions in the sigmoid colon?

A

Stretch of the rectal wall

147
Q

Is the relaxation of the external anal sphincter voluntary or involuntary?

A

Voluntary

148
Q

Gerd

A

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease

Heartburn

149
Q

Heartburn

A

Back up of stomach contents into esophagus

150
Q

Why does heartburn cause damage to esophagus?

A

It doesn’t have a mucus layer to protect it from the HCl and chyme

151
Q

Barrett’s Esophagus

A

Alterations in lining of the esophagus
Pre-cancerous
Damages epithelium of esophagus

152
Q

Causes of Gerd

A

Obesity

Conditions that increase acid production

153
Q

Why does obesity increase risk of gerd?

A

Fat around the stomach can press on it which pushes the contents up into the esophagus

154
Q

Treatment for Gerd

A

Lifestyle changes
Weight loss
Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs)

155
Q

Proton Pump Inhibitors

A

Pump H+ into gastric glands

156
Q

Examples of PPIs

A

Nexium
Prevacid
Prilosec

157
Q

What do PPIs do?

A

Decrease acid production which can lead to difficulty absorbing nutrients
Reduce stomach acid by preventing H+ to be pumped out

158
Q

Inflammatory Bowel Diseases

A

Diseases that involved the body’s immune system attacking healthy tissue/lining

159
Q

What do IBDs produce?

A

Ulcers and sores in the lining of intestines

160
Q

Ulcerative Colitis

A

Forming ulcers only in the large intestine

161
Q

Crohn’s Disease

A

Forming ulcers in any part of the alimentary canal

162
Q

Treatment for IBDs

A

Diet/Probiotics

Steroid Medications

163
Q

Probiotics

A

Capsule of good bacteria

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