Learning

Question 1

An unconditioned stimulus is…

Answer 1

A biologically significant stimulus that elicits a reflexive and unlearned response

Question 2

An unconditioned response is…

Answer 2

A reflexive response elicited by a stimulus

Question 3

A conditioned stimulus is…

Answer 3

A previously neutral stimulus which after being paired with a U.S. Elicits a conditioned response

Question 4

A conditioned response is…

Answer 4

A response elicited by the CS

Question 5

During learning…

Answer 5

Stimulus A + Stimulus B = thought of B

Question 6

After learning…

Answer 6

Stimulus A = thought of B

Question 7

Acquisition is dependent on..

Answer 7

The strength of the CS and the US

Rescorla-Wagner Model (1972) units of associative strength are higher with a strong CS

Question 8

Temporal contiguity …

Answer 8

CS = US the events are close together and continuous

CS - TIME = US events are separated

Question 9

Trace conditioning is…

Answer 9

When the CS is terminated before the delivery of the U.S.

Question 10

Extinction is…

Answer 10

When the CS is presented alone with no US.

According to the Rescorla-Wagner model this results in a weakened CR

Question 11

Spontaneous recovery is…

Answer 11

Quirk (2002) when the CR reappears after extinction and rest.

Question 12

Stimulus generalisation is when…

Answer 12

Grant and Schiller (1953) Stimuli that are similar to the CS elicit a CR

Question 13

Discrimination is…

Answer 13

Pearce and Wilson (1990) when stimuli and food has higher mean responses per minute that stimuli and no food

Question 14

Higher order conditioning is when…

Answer 14

A stimulus established as a CS is paired with a neutral stimulus. After the pairing, the neutral stimulus (now CS2) also elicits the CR

Question 15

Taste aversion

Nachman and Ashe (1973)

Answer 15

Food + lithium chloride induces sickness and therefore produces an aversion to that flavour
Experimental were give sucrose and LiCl, control given sucrose and NaCl, the controls had a much higher sucrose intake

Question 16

Eye blink conditioning

Kronforst-Collins and Disterhoft (1998)

Answer 16

Air puff = blink
Tone + air puff = blink
Tone = blink

Question 17

Watson and Rayner (1920)

Answer 17

Little Albert.
White rat + noise = fear.
Extended to all white furry things

Question 18

Behaviour therapy;

Exposure therapy

Answer 18

The patient is exposed to the feared stimulus (CS) without any consequence which leads to the extinction of the CR

Question 19

Advertising

Stuart, Shimp and Engle (1987)

Answer 19

Pairing a product with a pleasant stimulus (US) results in the product being rated favourably

Question 20

Anticipatory nausea and vomiting

Stockhorst, Steingrueberm and Klosterhalten (2006)

Answer 20

Chemo patients - the stimuli of the hop spiral lead to the feeling of nausea and vomiting

Question 21

Thorndike

Answer 21

Cats in a box. Time to escape decrease over time as the animal is more likely to perform behaviours that enable escape

Question 22

B. F. Skinner

Answer 22

Behaviour is influenced by its consequence. Positive outcome = behaviour will increase

Question 23

Reinforcement (increases response rate)

Answer 23

Positive - reinforcing stimulus arrives

Negative negative stimulus removed

Question 24

Punishment (reduces response rate)

Answer 24

Positive - aversive stimulus presented

Negative - stimulus is removed

Question 25

Shaping is…

Answer 25

Reinforcing approximations of the desired behaviours

Question 26

Animal training

Clicker training

Answer 26

Starts with classical conditioning

Uses operant condition to reinforce desired behaviours

Question 27

Token economies are…

Answer 27

Using tokens to reward good behaviour which can be exchanged for goods in shops
This is secondary reinforcement

Question 28

Gendreau, Listwan, Kuhns and Exum (2014)

Token economies in prisons

Answer 28

Lead to a 54% improvement of target behaviours

Question 29

Petry, Barry, Pescatello and White (2011)

Weight loss and tokens

Answer 29

More weight loss than other groups if prize draws used as tokens

Question 30

A ratio schedule of reinforcement is…

Answer 30

Reinforcement after making a certain number of responses

Question 31

An interval schedule of reinforcement is…

Answer 31

Response is reinforced after a specified time interval since the last reinforcement

Question 32

Fixed Ratio (FR) is…

Answer 32

The required number of responses is always the same.
FR=50 means 50 responses before the reinforcement
This produces high rates of output similar to getting paid for a certain amount of work

Question 33

Variable Ratio (VR) is…

Answer 33

The average number of responses required before reinforcement but the exact number varies.
VR = 50 the average number is 50
Produces fast steady responses like a video game or slot machines

Question 34

Fixed Interval (FI) is…

Answer 34

The time interval between reinforcements will be the same.
FI= 50 59 seconds between reinforcements
Produces slow responding. Class times

Question 35

Variable Interval (VI) is..

Answer 35

The time interval between reinforcements varies
VI=50 59 seconds on average
Produces slow steady responding like random drug testing

Question 36

A comparison of reinforcement schedules…

Answer 36

VI50 and FI50 have a lower output of responses

Question 37

Extinction is when…

Answer 37

The response is no longer required so the response isn’t paired with a reward.
The rate of extinction depends on the schedule of reinforcement
Variable schedule makes behaviour more resistant to extinction

Question 38

Escape conditioning is…

Answer 38

A result of negative reinforcement

The response terminates an aversive stimuli

Question 39

Avoidance conditioning is…

Answer 39

A result of negative reinforcement where the response it made to avoid the aversive stimuli

Question 40

Habituation is…

Answer 40

The most basic form of learning shown by most organisms. It is the reduction in response to a repeated stimulus.