Paediatric Imaging

Question 1

What conditions are associated with posterior urethral valves?

Answer 1

1: Pulmonary hypoplasia
2: Cystic renal dysplasia
3: Maternal oligohydraminos

Question 2

Causes of hydronephrosis in children include?

Answer 2

1: PUJ obstruction:- Due to strictures, neuromuscular inco-ordination or aberrant vessels.
2: Bladder outflow obstruction:- posterior urethral valves
3: VUJ obstruction:- males>females
4: Vesico-ureteric reflux
5: Urinary tract infection:- can be due to atony
6: Neurogenic

Question 3

What are the imaging features and associations of corpus callosum agenesis?

Answer 3

1: Absence of the corpus callosum
2: Widely separated lateral ventricles
3: High-riding third ventricle.
4: The occipital horns are larger than the frontal horns (colpocephaly)
5: Lateral ventricles have a parallel orientation.

Associated with:
Dorsal midline cysts
Dandy-Walker malformations

Question 4

What is a lacunae skull and what is it associated with?

Answer 4

A lacunar or Lückenschädel skull is a temporary abnormality of the calvarium and is thought to be due to a defect in membranous bone formation.
Characterised by fenestrations within the parietal bones and superior portions of the frontal and occipital bones.
It is associated with skeletal dysraphisms including meningoceles, encephaloceles and myelomeningoceles.

Question 5

DDx for Wormian bones?

Answer 5

1: Cleidocranial dysotosis
2: Pyknodystosis
3: Osteogenesis Imperfecta
4: Down’s
5: Rickets
Or mnemonic PORK CHOPS